Potassium permanganate use in the management of a wound induced by contact with Paederus: A case report.

Pederin is a vesicant toxic amide, found in the hemolymph of the beetle genus, Paederus. Physical contact with these insects produces a type of irritant dermatitis with variable clinical symptoms. It has been identified that Pederin (a vesicant toxic amide responsible for the ulcerative lesion) is produced by Gram-negative endosymbiotic bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus. The present study describes the case of a patient who had come into contact with the insect Paederus sp. and developed an ulcerative lesion. He was first treated with topical steroids, as part of the conventional management, and following no response to treatment, he was treated locally with a 5% potassium permanganate solution, in conjunction with systemic antibiotic therapy, obtaining a good response in the healing process. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that potassium permanganate solutions, in conjunction with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, may be beneficial in the treatment of dermatitis or ulcerative lesions caused by insects of the Paederus genus. However, further research is required to fully determine the complete benefits and any side-effects.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Develop a Multivariate Model with a Machine Learning Model to Predict Complications in Mexican Diabetic Patients without Arterial Hypertension (National Nested Case-Control Study): Metformin and Elevated Normal Blood Pressure Are Risk Factors, and Obesity Is Protective.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with no cure that can cause complications and even death. Moreover, over time, it will lead to chronic complications. Predictive models have been used to identify people with a tendency to develop diabetes mellitus. At the same time, there is limited information regarding the chronic complications of patients with diabetes. Our study is aimed at creating a machine-learning model that will be able to identify the risk factors of a diabetic patient developing chronic complications such as amputations, myocardial infarction, stroke, nephropathy, and retinopathy. The design is a national nested case-control study with 63,776 patients and 215 predictors with four years of data. Using an XGBoost model, the prediction of chronic complications has an AUC of 84%, and the model has identified the risk factors for chronic complications in patients with diabetes. According to the analysis, the most crucial risk factors based on SHAP values (Shapley additive explanations) are continued management, metformin treatment, age between 68 and 104 years, nutrition consultation, and treatment adherence. But we highlight two exciting findings. The first is a reaffirmation that high blood pressure figures across patients with diabetes without hypertension become a significant risk factor at diastolic > 70 mmHg (OR: 1.095, 95% CI: 1.078-1.113) or systolic > 120 mmHg (OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.124-1.171). Furthermore, people with diabetes with a BMI > 32 (overall obesity) (OR: 0.816, 95% CI: 0.8-0.833) have a statistically significant protective factor, which the paradox of obesity may explain. In conclusion, the results we have obtained show that artificial intelligence is a powerful and feasible tool to use for this type of study. However, we suggest that more studies be conducted to verify and elaborate upon our findings.

Systemic Administration of Neutral Electrolyzed Saline as a Novel Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis Reduces Mechanical and Inflammatory Damage to the Joints: Preclinical Evaluation in Mice.

Rheumatoid arthritis is globally present in about 1% of the population. This autoinflammatory disease modifies the connective tissue, causing pain and inflammation of the joints. Over time, it causes the loss of joint cartilage and bone mass, decreasing the patient's quality of life. Treatment options now available either give symptomatic alleviation or alter the disease process. Nonetheless, adherence to chronic treatment is typically limited due to adverse effects. As a result, new therapy approaches, such as systemic administration of neutral electrolyzed saline to improve patients' quality of life, are being investigated. The study is a randomized prospective preclinical trial with a single-blind and a 4-arm parallel group using a collagen-induced mice model to generate rheumatoid arthritis. It was carried out on 36 male BALB/c mice, with the primary outcome measure being a scoring system for histopathologic assessment. When all groups are compared, there are significant differences. In addition, the animal model was validated by the healthy group. The animals treated with neutral electrolyzed saline had much less cartilage degradation, bone erosion, pannus development, and inflammation than the placebo-treated mice. Serum IL-6 levels were evaluated in parallel with disease severity expressed as synovitis grading of the affected joints. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Rs) = 0.399 (P=0.016) between serum IL-6 levels and the synovitis grading suggests a direct correlation between IL-6 production and disease severity. An additional trial of 20 male BALB/c mice (10 treated with placebo and 10 with neutral electrolyzed saline for 30 days) showed no clinical nor histopathological evidence of adverse effects. According to histopathological and blood test results, we conclude that neutral electrolyzed saline minimizes mechanical and inflammatory damage to the joint and may be helpful as an alternative to rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Evaluation of Medical Care for Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care in Mexico: Observational Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The present study evaluated the quality of medical care for patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HBP), and both pathologies (DM+HBP) within a public health system in Mexico. METHODS: 45,498 patients were included from 2012 to 2015. All information was taken from the electronic medical record database. Each patient record was compared against the standard to test the quality of medical care. RESULTS: Glycemia with hypertension goals reached 29.6% in DM+HBP, 48.6% in DM, and 53.2% in HBP. The goals of serum lipids were reached by 3% in DM+HBP, 5% in DM, and 0.2% in HBP. Glycemia, hypertension, and LDL cholesterol reached 0.04%. 15% of patients had an undiagnosed disease. Clinical follow-up examinations reached 20% for foot examination and clinical eye examination. Specialty referrals reached 1% in angiology or cardiology. CONCLUSION: Goals for glycemic and hypertension reached 50% in the overall population, while serum lipids, clinical follow-up examinations, and referral to a specialist were deficient. Patients who had both diseases had more consultations, better control for hypertension and lipids, but inferior glycemic control. Overall, quality care for DM and/or HBP has not been met according to the standards.

Improve cognitive impairment using mefenamic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy: additional beneficial effect found in a controlled clinical trial for prostate cancer therapy.

Inflammation is an essential component of prostate cancer (PCa), and mefenamic acid has been reported to decrease its biochemical progression. The current standard therapy for PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which has side effects such as cognitive dysfunction, risk of Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. Published results of in vitro tests and animal models studies have shown that mefenamic acid could be used as a neuroprotector. Objective: Examine the therapeutic potential of mefenamic acid in cognitive impairment used in a controlled clinical trial. Clinical trial phase II was conducted on patients undergoing ADT for PCa. Two groups of 14 patients were included. One was treated with a placebo, while the other received mefenamic acid 500 mg PO every 12hrs for six months. The outcome was evaluated through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at six months. At the beginning of the study, both groups had similar MMSE scores (mefenamic acid vs. placebo: 26.0±2.5 vs. 27.0±2.6, P=0.282). The mefenamic acid group improved its MMSE score after six months compared with the placebo group (27.7±1.8 vs. 25.5±4.2, P=0.037). Treatment with mefenamic acid significantly increases the probability of maintained or raised cognitive function compared to placebo (92% vs. 42.9%, RR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.16-4.03, NNT=2.0, 95% CI: 1.26-4.81, P=0.014). Furthermore, 42.9% of the placebo group patients had relevant cognitive decline (a 2-point decrease in the MMSE score), while in patients treated with mefenamic acid, cognitive impairment was not present. This study is the first conducted on humans that suggests that mefenamic acid protects against cognitive decline.

Health and economic measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic- Effect on street vendors.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic affects human health and the global economy. Its evolution is unpredictable, making it hard for governments to provide response actions suited for all populations. Meanwhile, informal street workers carry on with their labor despite contingency measures to sustain their lives. The objective was to conduct a case-control study to become aware of how street vendors' economy is affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: During phase 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic in a Mexican suburban city. We interviewed informal street vendors (cases) and formal employees (controls). RESULTS: Before mobility restrictions were in place, population income came 1.5% from formal employment and 23.5% from informal employment (street vendors). Informal employees lived on less than the equivalent of 1.5 Big Macs per day (p <0.001). After the contingency measures, formal employment kept the same, while the informal employment ratio increased to 57.4% (p < 0.001). The street vendors were almost 100-times less likely to be concerned about the coronavirus outbreak (p < 0.001) and were 38-times less likely to stop working compared with the formal workers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We have proven that street vendors are a sector of the population that is highly vulnerable to significant economic loss due to contingency measures. Informal workers cannot stop working despite the "Stay at Home" initiative because the government has not implemented strategies that guarantee their survival and their families. Therefore, street vendors continue to be a source of the virus's spread throughout cities.

Topical 5% potassium permanganate solution accelerates the healing process in chronic diabetic foot ulcers.

Potassium permanganate has been reported to be an effective treatment for certain types of wounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of potassium permanganate in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. A single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that presented with a foot ulcer persisting for >3 months. The control group (n=10) was treated with the current standard treatment, which comprises of measures for reducing pressure in the ulcerated area, daily cleansing of the ulcer with potable water and antiseptic wash solution, and the application of a disinfectant solution on the entire surface area of the ulcer; while the intervention group (n=15) received the standard treatment plus 5% topical potassium permanganate solution applied once a day for 21 days. In the intervention group, 1 patient did not tolerate the treatment and was eliminated from the study on the first day. The remaining patients tolerated the interventions well. At the end of the treatment period, ulcers in the control group had decreased by 38% whereas those in the intervention group decreased by 73% (P<0.009). The degree of decrease was also investigated; the ulcer size was ≥50% decreased in 40% of patients in the control group and in 86% of patients in the intervention group (P=0.02). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that topical potassium permanganate is well tolerated and significantly accelerates the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers.

Anti-inflammatory drugs and uterine cervical cancer cells: Antineoplastic effect of meclofenamic acid.

Uterine cervical cancer (UCC) is one of the main causes of cancer-associated mortality in women. Inflammation has been identified as an important component of this neoplasia; in this context, anti-inflammatory drugs represent possible prophylactic and/or therapeutic alternatives that require further investigation. Anti-inflammatory drugs are common and each one may exhibit a different antineoplastic effect. As a result, the present study investigated different anti-inflammatory models of UCC in vitro and in vivo. Celecoxib, sulindac, nimesulide, dexamethasone, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid and mefenamic acid were tested in UCC HeLa, VIPA, INBL and SiHa cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the drugs was evaluated in vitro. Celecoxib, sulindac, nimesulide, mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid presented with slight to moderate toxicity (10-40% of cell death corresponding to 100 µM) in certain cell lines, while meclofenamic acid exhibited significant cytotoxicity in all essayed cell lines (50-90% of cell death corresponding to 100 µM). The meclofenamic acid was tested in murine models (immunodeficient and immunocompetent) of UCC, which manifested a significant reduction in tumor growth and increased mouse survival. It was demonstrated that of the evaluated anti-inflammatory drugs, meclofenamic acid was the most cytotoxic, with a significant antitumor effect in murine models. Subsequent studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of this drug.

Histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer tumors: evaluation in a mouse model.

Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen independent prostate cancer tumors: evaluation in a mouse model

ABSTRACT Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

The protective effect of peanut, walnut, and almond consumption on the development of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Breast cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy known worldwide. The consumption of certain foods may modify the risk for its development. Peanuts and other seeds have shown anticarcinogenic effects in vitro, but there are a few studies that evaluate the effect of their consumption on the development of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is an association between the consumption of peanuts, walnuts, and almonds and the development of breast cancer. METHODS: We analyzed 97 patients presenting with breast cancer and 104 control subjects that did not have the pathology (BIRADS 1-2). An analysis of the main clinical characteristics and lifelong seed consumption was carried out. The association between the consumption of these foods and the risk for breast cancer was estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, controlling other risk factors, using the Mantel-Haenszel analysis. RESULTS: The high consumption of peanuts, walnuts, or almonds significantly reduced the risk for breast cancer by 2-3 times. This protective effect was not found with low or moderate seed consumption when compared with null consumption. CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of peanuts, walnuts, and almonds appears to be a protective factor for the development of breast cancer.

Preclinical analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug usefulness for the simultaneous prevention of steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is currently one of the primary liver diseases. Recent studies have shown a clinical relation between NASH and atherosclerosis. There is much interest in these two diseases because they are both associated with great morbidity and mortality. Inflammation and the overexpression of COX-2 participate in the pathophysiology of the two diseases, and therefore simultaneous treatment is feasible. The role of the four NSAIDs, meclofenamate, mefenamate, flufenamate, and aspirin, was analyzed in a mouse model of NASH, as well as preclinical atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Six mouse groups were formed. Five of the groups were fed a high-fat diet for 6 months and one group was fed a standard diet, acting as the normality reference. Of the five groups fed a high-fat diet, four received a NSAID, each of them identified by the specific drug administered. One group received no treatment. Serum markers (cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, and AST) and histologic changes in the aorta and liver were analyzed for the study. Aspirin significantly reduced the hepaticsteatosis. All the drugs significantly reduced the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate. In relation to atherosclerosis, there were significant reductions in all the study variables with the use of aspirin and flufenamate. The four medications were able to stop steatosis from progressing into steatohepatitis by reducing inflammation. However, aspirin was the most beneficial, simultaneously reducing steatosis, atherosclerosis, and serum cholesterol levels.

Association of Milk and Meat Consumption with the Development of Breast Cancer in a Western Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a public health problem and it is the most common gynecologic neoplasia worldwide. The risk factors for its development are of both hereditary and environmental origin. Certain foods have been clearly associated with modifying the breast cancer risk. The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the effects of cow's milk and meat consumption on the development of breast cancer in a population from Western Mexico (Colima). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 97 patients presenting with a histopathologic diagnosis of breast cancer and 104 control individuals who did not present with the disease (Breast Imaging Report and Data System (BI-RADS) 1-2). 80% of the population belonged to a low socioeconomic stratum. The main clinical characteristics were analyzed along with the lifetime consumption of meat and milk. RESULTS: High milk consumption increased the breast cancer risk by 7.2 times (p = 0.008) whereas the consumption of meat was not significantly associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of cow's milk was a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of dietary patterns on the development of breast cancer in diverse populations with ethnic, cultural, and economic differences.

Protective effect of doxycycline on germinal epithelial loss caused by a high-fat diet.

INTRODUCTION: A high-fat diet and male obesity are aspects associated with germinal epithelial alterations and male infertility. Some reports have shown that certain tetracyclines can protect the germinal epithelium from toxic drugs. The aim of the present study design was to evaluate the possible effect of doxycycline on testicular germ cells in individuals fed a Western diet (atherogenic), using a murine model. METHODS: Two groups of male mice (BALB/c) were fed a high-fat Western diet (HFD). One of these two groups was given doxycycline at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (HFD+Dox). A third group was fed a standard rodent diet (SD group). After 6 months, the mice were euthanized and morphologic and histopathologic analyses were performed. RESULTS: Germinal epithelial height was similar between the SD group (54 µm) and the HFD+Dox group (53 µm) (p = 0.26), and it was significantly reduced in the HFD group (47 µm) (p = 0.0001). The degree of germinal epithelial loss (DGEL) was significantly lower in the SD (10) and HFD+Dox (12.5) groups than in the HFD group (30) (p = 0.0001 and =0.007, respectively). There were no differences in the DGEL between the SD and HFD+Dox groups (p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: Doxycycline administration was shown to prevent germinal epithelial loss in the testes of mice fed a high-fat diet. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical usefulness of doxycycline or its analogs in persons with a habitual high-fat diet.

Assessing the process of designing and implementing electronic health records in a statewide public health system: the case of Colima, Mexico.

The findings of a case study assessing the design and implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) in the public health system of Colima, Mexico, its perceived benefits and limitations, and recommendations for improving the implementation process are presented. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to examine the experience of the actors and stakeholders participating in the design and implementation of EHRs. Results indicate that the main driving force behind the use of EHRs was to improve reporting to the two of the main government health and social development programs. Significant challenges to the success of the EHR include resistance by physicians to use the ICD-10 to code diagnoses, insufficient attention to recurrent resources needed to maintain the system, and pressure from federal programs to establish parallel information systems. Operating funds and more importantly political commitment are required to ensure sustainability of the EHRs in Colimaima.

[Chronic non-communicable diseases in Mexico: epidemiologic synopsis and integral prevention]. / Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en México: sinopsis epidemiológica y prevención integral.

The federal government has implemented several strategies to reduce mortality caused by chronic non-communicable diseases (CNTD). One example is the development of medical units specialized in the care of CNTD (i.e. overweight, obesity, cardiovascular risk and diabetes), named UNEMES (from its Spanish initials). These units--consisting of an ad-hoc, trained, multi-disciplinary team--will provide patient education, help in the resolution of obstacles limiting treatment adherence, and involve the family in patient care. Treatment will be provided using standardized protocols. The efficacy of the intervention will be regularly measured using pre-specified outcomes. We expect that these UNEMES will result in significant savings. In summary, our health care system is developing better treatment strategies for CNTD. Evaluating the performance of the UNEMES will generate valuable information for the design of future preventive actions.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en México: sinopsis epidemiológica y prevención integral / Chronic non-communicable diseases in Mexico: epidemiologic synopsis and integral prevention

El gobierno federal desarrolla acciones para reducir la mortalidad por las "enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles" (ECNT). Una de ellas es la creación de unidades médicas de especialidad (Uneme) diseñadas para el tratamiento especializado de las ECNT (sobrepeso, obesidad, riesgo cardiovascular y diabetes). La intervención se basa en la participación de un grupo multidisciplinario entrenado ex profeso, la educación del paciente sobre su salud, la incorporación de la familia al tratamiento y la resolución de las condiciones que limitan la observancia de las recomendaciones. El tratamiento está indicado con base en protocolos estandarizados. La eficacia de la intervención se evalúa en forma sistemática mediante indicadores cuantitativos predefinidos. Se espera que las Uneme resulten en ahorros para el sistema de salud. En suma, este último desarrolla mejores medidas de control para las ECNT. La evaluación del desempeño de las Uneme generará información para planear acciones preventivas futuras.

The federal government has implemented several strategies to reduce mortality caused by chronic non-communicable diseases (CNTD). One example is the development of medical units specialized in the care of CNTD (i.e. overweight, obesity, cardiovascular risk and diabetes), named UNEMES (from its Spanish initials). These units -consisting of an ad-hoc, trained, multi-disciplinary team- will provide patient education, help in the resolution of obstacles limiting treatment adherence, and involve the family in patient care. Treatment will be provided using standardized protocols. The efficacy of the intervention will be regularly measured using pre-specified outcomes. We expect that these UNEMES will result in significant savings. In summary, our health care system is developing better treatment strategies for CNTD. Evaluating the performance of the UNEMES will generate valuable information for the design of future preventive actions.

Obesity and metabolic risks in children.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and high glucose and triglyceride levels in school-age children from Mexico City, as well as to determine how overweight and obesity are related to the other risk factors. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional survey comprised of 1819 children (6-13 years of age) attending six elementary schools. Gender, age, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and levels of triglycerides and glucose were registered. Percentiles were calculated according to American standards for BMI, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure. RESULTS: Compared to American references, mean percentiles for waist circumference and BMI were >50, and mean height percentiles were <50. Prevalence of overweight was 22.3 and 23.6% for boys and girls, respectively; obesity, 28 and 21.2%; abdominal obesity, 22.1 and 11.7%; high triglyceride levels, 11.3 and 15.4%; high blood pressure, 4.8 and 5.8%, respectively. Overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity are associated with higher blood pressure and triglyceride levels (odds ratio>1.0, p<0.05). Percentiles for BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure also had significant correlations (r>0.2, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This population of Mexican school-age children was shorter and heavier than their American standards. The prevalence of metabolic risks was similar to those reported in American adolescents in NHANES surveys.

[Cardiovascular risk factors associated to abdominal obesity in apparently healthy subjects]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a obesidad abdominal en adultos aparentemente sanos.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the relationship between the abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy subjects from Mexico City. METHODS: a total of 186 apparently healthy men and nonpregnant women from Mexico City, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. A detailed medical history and physical examination were performed. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference > or = 80 cm for women and > or = 90 cm for men. RESULTS: a total of 125 women (67.2 %) and 61 men (32.8 %) were enrolled. Of them, 151 (81.2 %) had insulin resistance and 130 (69.9 %) abdominal obesity. Among obese subjects 96 (46.2 %) showed metabolic syndrome. There were a high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (31 %) and low serum levels of HDL-cholesterol (58 %). CONCLUSIONS: the used cut point for abdominal obesity, despite identifying a high proportion of subjects with cardiovascular risk, did not recognize a high proportion of subjects with disorders in their lipid profile.

[Morbidity and mortality by ischemic heart disease and stroke in Mexico. 2005]. / Morbilidad y mortalidad de la enfermedad isquémica del corazón y cerebrovascular en México, 2005.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death and disability in México. 25% of deaths under 60 years of age are related to chronic degenerative diseases. These disorders are more common in developing countries and are caused by an excessive intake of fatty acids, sodium, alcohol, tobacco consumption and decrease in physical activity. The prevalence of risk factors is increasing not only in adult population but also in youth and children. Data from the Department of Epidemiology from the Mexican Ministry of Health in the period between 1998 and 2000 showed that the death caused by coronary artery disease was more frequent in men (55%) than women (45%) and acute coronary syndrome was responsible for deaths in 83.5% of men and 76.8% in women. Primary Prevention Programs are necessary to decrease the impact of cardiovascular diseases.