Systematic Review of the Literature About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of School Children.

Background: The year 2020 has been marked by the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has reached many countries and has paralyzed the lives of many people who have been forced to stay at home in confinement. There have been many studies that have sought to analyze the impact of this pandemic from different perspectives; however, this study will pay attention to how it has affected and how it may affect children between 0 and 12 years in the future after the closure of schools for months. Objective: The objective of this article is to learn about the research carried out on the child population in times of confinement, especially those dealing with the psychological and motor aspects of minors. Methods: To carry out this systematic review, the PRISMA statement has been followed to achieve an adequate and organized structure of the manuscript. The bibliography has been searched in the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Dialnet databases, using as keywords: "COVID-19" and "Children." The criteria that were established for the selection of the articles were (1) articles focusing on an age of up to 12 years, (2) papers relating COVID-19 to children, and (3) studies analyzing the psychological and motor characteristics of children during confinement. Results: A total of nine manuscripts related to the psychological and motor factors in children under 12 have been found. The table presenting the results includes the authors, title, place of publication, and key ideas of the selected manuscripts. Conclusion: After concluding the systematic review, it has been detected that there are few studies that have focused their attention on the psychological, motor, or academic problems that can occur to minors after a situation of these characteristics. Similarly, a small number of studies have been found that promote actions at the family and school level to reverse this situation when life returns to normal. These results may be useful for future studies that seek to expand the information according to the evolution of the pandemic.

La percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo como herramienta válida para la monitorización de la intensidad del esfuerzo en competición de jóvenes futbolistas / Rate of perceived exertion as a useful tool during a football competition in young soccer players / Percepção subjetiva de esforço como uma ferramenta útil durante competição em jovens jogadores de futebol

El propósito de este estudio es analizar una competición oficial de futbol en categoría juvenil y observar la utilidad de la Percepción Subjetiva de Esfuerzo (RPE) como intensidad de la misma. Se seleccionaron un total de 22 jugadores juveniles (17,43 ± 0,84 años, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) pertenecientes a categorías inferiores de un equipo de 1ª división española. Se evaluó una competición de fútbol oficial, realizando seis mediciones (primera, segunda parte y descansos) de tres variables: la escala de RPE (6 - 20 items); la Frecuencia Cardiaca (FC) y Concentración de Lactato sanguíneo ([Lac]). Los resultados muestran unos valores medios de RPE de 14,13; una FC de 158,65 lat·min-1; y una [Lac] de 3,75 mmol·l-1. Se ha observado en líneas generales un comportamiento similar entre el RPE - FC y RPE- [Lac]. RPE puede ser un indicador de intensidad en jugadores de fútbol en categorías de formación, siendo una herramienta sencilla y eficaz para que los entrenadores puedan emplearla en el control de la carga interna que supone la competición oficial (AU)

The purpose of this study is to analyze an official football competition between young soccer players and test the effectiveness of the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to measure the intensity during the match. 22 players were selected (17,43 ± 0,84 years, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) from of a youth football team from the first Spanish division. An ofcial football competition was assessed, carrying out 6 measurements (first and second halves, halftime and fulltime) from three variables: RPE (6 - 20 items); Heart Rate (FC) and Blood Lactate Concentration) ([Lac]). Theresults show an average values of RPE of 14,13; a FC of 158,65 lat·min-1; and a [Lac] de 3,75 mmol·l-1. It has been found in general, a similar behavior between the RPE - FC and RPE - [Lac]. RPE might be a good indicator to register the intensity for young soccer players, being an easy and effective tool for coaches to use it while controlling the internal load that involves the official competition (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar uma competição oficial de futebol entre jovens jogadores de futebol e testar a eficácia da percepção subjetiva de esforço (RPE) para medir a intensidade durante a partida. 22 jogadores foram selecionados (17,43 ± 0,84 anos, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) a partir de uma equipe de futebol juvenil da primeira divisão espanhola. A competição oficial de futebol foi avaliada, a realização seis medições (primeiro e segundo semestres, de meio expediente e tempo integral) a partir de três variáveis: RPE (6 - 20 itens); Freqüência Cardíaca (FC) e concentração de lactato sanguíneo) ([Lac]). Os resultados mostram um valor médio de RPE de 14,13; um FC de 158,65 lat · min-1, e uma [Lac] de 3,75 mmol · L-1. Tem-se encontrado, em geral, um comportamento semelhante entre os RPE - FC e RPE - [Lac]. RPE Pode ser um bom indicador para registrar a intensidade para jovens jogadores de futebol, sendo uma ferramenta fácil e eficaz para os treinadores para usá-la enquanto controla a carga interna que envolve a competição oficial (AU)

Análisis de la condición física en bomberos en función de la edad / Analysis of physical fitness in fire-fighters according to age

Introducción: Los bomberos deben presentar un excelente estado de forma para desempeñar de modo seguro su actividad profesional. Los objetivos de este trabajo son describir las características antropométricas y de condición física en dos grupos de bomberos y discutir sobre las diferencias que existen en función de la edad. Material y métodos: Han participado 33 bomberos: G1, menores de 40 años, y G2, mayores de 40 años. Se ha analizado la composición corporal, el test de salto, la flexibilidad isquiosural, la dinamometría manual y la fuerza de las extremidades superiores e inferiores, así como la frecuencia cardíaca, la estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en Course Navette. Resultados: Ambos grupos han presentado valores de composición corporal correspondientes a niveles de normopeso, y solamente se han encontrado diferencias significativas en la talla. Respecto a la condición física, G1ha presentado mejores valores que G2 en todas las variables, aunque solo han sido significativas en cuanto a consumo máximo de oxígeno, percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, fuerza manual de la mano izquierda y fuerza dinámica máxima. Conclusiones: Los grupos analizados muestran características de condición física adecuadas para el buen desarrollo de su actividad profesional. No obstante, G1 ostenta mayores valores que G2 en todas las variables evaluadas(AU)

Introduction: Fire-fighters must be in good physical condition to safely perform their activities. The aims of this study were to describe the anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness of two groups of fire-fighters and discuss the differences according to age. Material and methods: A total of 33 fire-fighters from the two groups took part: G1, under 40, and G2, over 40 years. We analysed body composition, jump test, hamstring flexibility, hand dynamometry, strength of upper and lower extremities, and heart rate, estimated maximal oxygen consumption and perceived exertion in Course Navette. Results: Both groups had body composition values as regards weight, and significant differences were only found in height. As regards physical condition, G1 showed better values for all variables than G2. They only significant differences being in the estimated maximal oxygen consumption, rate of perceived exertion, manual strength of the left hand, and maximum dynamic force. Conclusions: Both groups presented characteristics of fitness appropriate for the proper development of their professional activity. However, G1 had higher values than G2 in all variables of physical fitness(AU)

Jump peak power assessment through power prediction equations in different samples.

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of jump capacity in a group of secondary school students and to develop 2 specific equations-applied to boys and girls, respectively, to estimate the jump power of secondary school students. Four hundred and fifty-six boys (age, 14.1 ± 0.8 years; mass, 61.9 ± 15.7 kg; height, 1.64 ± 0.10 m) and 465 girls (age, 14.1 ± 0.9 years; mass, 55.1 ± 10.0 kg; height, 1.58 ± 0.07 m), all of them secondary school students, volunteered to participate in this study. They performed a vertical jump test (Abalakov) on a force platform, and jump height and peak power were measured. Most importantly, peak power was also estimated through a series of previously established power equations. For the purpose of establishing statistically significant differences, a p value ≤ 0.05 was fixed. The equations proposed by Canavan and Vesconvi, and Harman were the most precise with respect to actual power, reaching a percentage of 1.9-2.1 and 3.6-4.1%, respectively. The equations by Sayers and Lara showed a greater difference in percentage (9.9-12.4 and 22.4-24.2%, respectively) with that of actual power. Similar results were not obtained in other studies, which means that a specific equation will be required according to the characteristics of the assessed sample. Two equations specifically addressed to secondary school students will be established in this article: boys: ([61.8 jump height (cm)] + [37.1 body mass (kg)] - 1,941.6); girls: ([31 jump height (cm)] + [45 body mass (kg)] - 1,045.4). Crossvalidation tests that were done to prove the validity of said equations showed positive results. Practical applications: Those teachers who wish to estimate the jump power of their pupils can use these equations and thereby calculate jump power by the indirect method from jump height and body mass index, without any need to use any expensive tools.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento mixto sobre la condición física en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso / Effects of a mixed training program on physical fitness in young overweight women

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de un entrenamiento mixto de 6 semanas de duración sobre la condición física de mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 20 mujeres (18,55 ± 1,09 años, 63,47 ± 12,25 kg de masa y 161,75 ± 7,74 cm de altura). El entrenamiento se llevó a cabo durante 6 semanas, ejecutándolo 3 veces por semana un tiempo de entre 40 a 50 min. Antes y después del programa se evaluó: consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 max), fuerza dinámica máxima (press de banca, prensa de piernas, jalon frontal y tríceps en polea), resistencia muscular local (press de banca y prensa de piernas) y flexibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural. Se observó un incremento del VO2 max (7%); fuerza dinámica máxima (entre 22 y 32%), resistencia a la fuerza dinámica máxima (49-87%) y flexibilidad isquiosural (10%).Se concluye que el entrenamiento mixto de 6 semanas de duración en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso produce mejoras en los parámetros funcionales estudiados, incidiendo con ello en la mejora de la salud (AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a mixed six weeks training on the physical condition in young women with overweight. The sample was 20 women (18.55 ± 1.09 years, 63.47 ± 12.25 kg of mass and 161.75 ± 7.74 cm tall). Training is conducted during six weeks, three times a week one time from 40-50 min. Before and after the program was evaluated: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal dynamic strength (bench press, leg press, front and triceps jalon curl), local muscular endurance ( bench press and leg press) and hamstring flexibility. There was an increase of VO2max (7%); maximal dynamic strength (22% - 32%); local muscular endurance (49% - 87%) and hamstring flexibility (10%). We conclude that the mixed training of 6 weeks duration in overweight young women leads to improvements in functional parameters studied, thereby impacting on the improvement of health (AU)

Fuerzas de reacción del suelo en pies cavos y planos / Ground reaction forces in high-arch and flat feet

El objetivo de este estudio se ha centrado en medir las fuerzas de reacción en diferentes movimientos (marcha, carrera, cambio de dirección y amortiguación de caída) en una muestra de sujetos sedentarios sanos con pies planos y cavos. Participaron en el estudio 15 mujeres jóvenes (edad: 19,4 +/- 1.3 afios; peso: 57,17 +/- 8,98 Kg); 8 con pies planos (P) y 7 con pies cavo s (C). Fueron sometidas a una batería de pruebas: marcha (velocidad = 1,6 mis), carrera (velocidad = 3 mis), amortiguación de caída (desde una altura de 0,75 m) y cambio de dirección. Se estudiaron las fuerzas verticales, anteroposteriores y mediolaterales, utilizando una plataforma de fuerzas piezoeléctrica. Aparecieron diferencias significativas (p<0,01) entre pies planos y cavos en la duración del apoyo en el cambio de dirección, siendo mayores en los planos (C = 0,30 +/- 0,04 s Y P = 0,37 +/- 0,04 s) y en el primer pico de fuerza de la amortiguación de la caída (p<0,05), con valores superiores en los cavos (C = 5,78 +/- 1,29 BWy P = 4,29 +/- 0,84 BW). El resto de variables estudiadas no mostraron diferencias significativas, aunque todos los picos de fuerza en los movimientos máximos fueron mayores en el grupo con pies cavos y los picos de impacto en marcha y carrera fueron ligeramente superiores en los pies planos. El grado de significación estadística no tiene por qué ser el límite que marque el mayor o menor riesgo de futura lesión asociada a las fuerzas de reacción. Pequefias y no significativas diferencias podrían marcar un incremento sustancial del riesgo. Cabe destacar los mayores valores registrados en los pies cavos, en los movimientos máximos, en los que existiría un mayor riesgo para ellos. Por otro lado las mínimas o nulas diferencias observadas en los patrones de movimiento podrían explicarse por adaptaciones que realiza el sujeto en el movimiento

The aim of this study was to measure the ground reaction force s in different movements (walking, running, changes of direction and landing), in a sample of sedentary subjects with high-arch feet or flat feet. Fifteen young women volunteered for the study (age: 19,40 +/- 1,29 years; weight: 57,17 +/- 8,98 Kg); 8 with flat feet (P) and 7 with high -arch feet (C). AlI of them carried out the following tests on a force platform: walking (speed = 1,6 mis), running (speed = 3 mis), drop landing (height = 0,75 m), and changes of direction. Vertical, horizontal and mediolateral ground reaction forces were collected using a piezoelectric force platform. There were significant differences (p < 0,01) between flat and high-arch feet in the contact time during the change of direction test, with greater contact times in subjects with flat feet (C = 0,30 +/- 0,04 s Y P = 0,37 +/- 0,04 s), and in the first peak vertical force during landing (p<0,05), with greater values in subjects with high-arch feet (C = 5,78 +/- 1,29 BW Y P = 4,29 +/- 0,84 BW). The other variables studied did not show significant differences between groups, although peak vertical force s for the maximum tests were greater in the high-arch feet group, and peak forces during walking and running were slightly greater for the flat feet group. The lack of significant differences does not have to be the limit to predict the risk of injury provoked by greater peak forces. Small and not significant differences might be enough to increase this risk. The higher force values found in the high-arch feet group during maximal tests show a higher risk of injury during these kinds of movements. The minimal differences found in the movement pattems between groups could be explained by individual adaptations during the tests

Medición directa de la potenciá con tests de salto en voleibol femenino / Direct measurement of power with jump tests in female volleyball

La potencia mecánica en los tests de salto se puede medir tanto de forma directa, mediante plataforma de fuerzas, comocalculada (forma indirecta) a partir de la altura del salto y de la masa corporal de los sujetos, mediante diferentes fórmulas (Lewis, Harman y Sayers). El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la potencia de extensión de los miembros inferioresen tests de salto en un equipo de voleibol femenino de nivel medio (n = 13) de forma directa e indirecta. Por otro lado,discutir acerca de la idoneidad de unos métodos frente aotros. Para ello, los sujetos realizaron tres tipos de saltossobre una plataforma de fuerzas: abalakov (ABK), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ) y salto sin contramovimiento (SJ). Los picos de potencia obtenidos han sido, para ABK: plataforma 3536 +/- 6;31 W; Lewis 839 +/- 120 W y Harman 2834 +/-: 542 W; para CMJ: plataforma 2856 +/- 554 W; Lewis 760 +/- 110 W; Harman 2408 +/- 465 W y Sayers 2703 +/- 450 W y para SJ: plataforma 2878 +/- 538 W; Lewis 677 +/- 106 W; Harman 1996 +/- 428 W y Sayers 2310 +/- 459 W La plataforma de fuerzas es el método más preciso para medir la potencia mecánica en tests de salto. La fórmula de Lewis ha infraestimado el pico de potencia (p<0,01). La fórmula de Harman también lo ha infraestimado, aunque en menor medida (p<0,01). Con la fórmula de Sayers se han obtenido unos valores más aproximados a los de la plataforma de fuerzas, aunque también han sido significativamente diferentes (p<0,01). La conclusión que se desprende es que lo ideal sería evaluar la potencia de forma directa pero si no se dispusiera de instrumentos, con la fórmula de Sayers se podrían obtener unos valores muy cercanos

Mechanical power in jump tests can be directly measured by a force platform, or estimated (indirect way) from a subject's jump height and body mass, by means of different equations (Lewis, Harman and Sayers). The aim ofthis studywas to evaluate, directly and indirectly, peak power from lower extremities usingjump tests in a club level female volleyball team (n= 13). A secondarypurposewas to compare if one method is more suitable than the others. Subjects performed three different jump tests, on a force platform: Abalakov (ABK), countermovementjump (CMJ) and squatjump (SJ). Peak power in ABK was 3536 +/- 631 W (force platform); 839 +/- 120 W (Lewis) and 2834 +/- 542 W (Harman). Peak power in CMJwas 2856 +/- 554 W (force platform); 760 +/- 110 W (Lewis); 2408 +/- 465 W (Harman) and 2703 +/- 450 W (Sayers), and for the SJ, peak power was 2878 +/- 538 W (force platform); 677 +/- 106 W (Lewis); 1996 +/- 428 W (Harman) and 2310 +/- 459 W (Sayers). The force platform is the more accurate instrument to measure mechanical power in jump tests. The Lewis equation underestimated peak power (p<0,01). The Harman equation also underestimated peak power, but less than Lewis equation (p<0,01). The Sayers equation gave measures closer to those taken from the force platform, although they have been significantly different, as well (p<0,01). In conclusion, the betterwayto evaluate power would be directly, using a force platform. The Sayers equation seems to give power measures closer to those obtained by direct methods