ABSTRACT
It is known that members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum can promote the growth of a great variety of plants, an ability harnessed by the industry to create bioproducts aimed to enhance the yield of economically relevant crops. Its versatile metabolism allows this bacterium to adapt to numerous environments, from optimal to extreme or highly polluted. The fact of having been isolated from soil and rhizosphere samples collected worldwide and many other habitats proves its remarkable ubiquity. Azospirillum rhizospheric and endophytic lifestyles are governed by several mechanisms, leading to efficient niche colonization. These mechanisms include cell aggregation and biofilm formation, motility, chemotaxis, phytohormone and other signaling molecules production, and cell-to-cell communication, in turn, involved in regulating Azospirillum interactions with the surrounding microbial community. Despite being infrequently mentioned in metagenomics studies after its introduction as an inoculant, an increasing number of studies detected Azospirillum through molecular tools (mostly 16S rRNA sequencing) as part of diverse, even unexpected, microbiomes. This review focuses on Azospirillum traceability and the performance of the available methods, both classical and molecular. An overview of Azospirillum occurrence in diverse microbiomes and the less-known features explaining its notorious ability to colonize niches and prevail in multiple environments is provided.
Subject(s)
Azospirillum , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism , Azospirillum/genetics , Azospirillum/metabolism , Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism , Plants/microbiology , Signal Transduction , Rhizosphere , Plant Roots/microbiology , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
In moths, sex pheromones play a key role in mate finding. These chemicals are transported in the antennae by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). Commonly, males encounter conspecific females; therefore, several OBPs are male-biased. Less is known, however, about how the olfactory system of moths has evolved toward inverse sexual communication, ie where females seek males. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the profile of OBPs and their expression patterns in the bee hive pest, Galleria mellonella, a moth that uses inverse sexual communication. Here, OBP-related transcripts were identified by an RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach and analysed through both Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in different tissues and quantitative real-time PCR for two states, virgin and postmating. Our results indicate that G. mellonella has 20 OBPs distributed amongst different tissues. Interestingly, 17 of the 20 OBPs were significantly down-regulated after mating in females, whereas only OBP7 was up-regulated. By contrast, 18 OBP transcripts were up-regulated in males after mating. Additionally, binding assays and structural simulations showed general odorant-binding protein 2 (GOBP2) was able to bind sex pheromone components and analogues. These findings suggest a possible role of OBPs, especially GOBPs, in the inverse sexual communication of G. mellonella, with gene expression regulated as a response to mating.
Subject(s)
Animal Communication , Gene Expression Regulation , Insect Proteins/genetics , Moths/physiology , Receptors, Odorant/genetics , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Animals , Female , Insect Proteins/metabolism , Ligands , Male , Receptors, Odorant/metabolismABSTRACT
El tejido muscular de muchos animales domésticos es fuente de proteínas, grasa y minerales para los seres humanos y está compuesto por una serie de estructuras que le otorgan propiedades nutricionales y bioquímicas. En los ultimos años se ha identificado un polimorfismo de único nucleótido (SNP) en el gen SCD (g.878TC), que influye sobre la composición de ácidos grasos en los bovinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia del SNP g.878TC en músculo Longissimus dorsi de bovino (Bos taurus) por medio de la técnica PCR-RFLP. Fue utilizada una muestra de 100 novillos de raza Aberdeen Angus criados y sacrificados en la Región de La Araucanía (Chile). La frecuencia genotípica del polimorfismo fue de: 0,33 para TT, 0,43 para TC y 0,24 para el genotipo CC. La frecuencia alélica fue de 0,54 para el alelo T y 0,63 para el alelo C. De acuerdo a la composición de ácidos grasos, se determinó que existe una relación positiva entre el genotipo CC y el contenido de ácidos grasos MUFA y CLA presentes en el músculo Longissimus dorsi de novillos Angus. Por lo tanto, el SNP g.878TC podría ser considerado como un marcador genético para la selección de animales Aberdeen Angus, con una composición de ácidos grasos más saludable...
The muscle tissue of many domestic animals is a source of protein, fat and minerals to humans and consists of a series of structures that give nutritional and biochemical properties. In recent years it has identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SCD gene (g.878TC), which influences the fatty acid composition in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of SNP g.878TC in Longissimus dorsi bovine (Bos taurus) using the PCR-RFLP. It was used a sample of 100 Aberdeen Angus steers raised and slaughtered in the region of Araucania (Chile). Polymorphism genotype frequency were: 0.33 for TT, 043 for CT and 0.24 for the CC genotype. The allelic frequency was 0.54 for the T allele and 0.63 for allele C. According to the fatty acid composition was determined that a positive relationship between genotype CC and the content of MUFA and CLA fatty acids present in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of Angus steers. Therefore, the SNP g.878TC could be considered as a genetic marker for selection of animals Aberdeen Angus, with a fatty acid composition more healthy...
