The Universal Form of Treatment Options (UFTO) as an alternative to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) orders: a mixed methods evaluation of the effects on clinical practice and patient care.

AIMS: To determine whether the introduction of the Universal Form of Treatment Options (the UFTO), as an alternative approach to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) orders, reduces harms in patients in whom a decision not to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was made, and to understand the mechanism for any observed change. METHODS: A mixed-methods before-and-after study with contemporaneous case controls was conducted in an acute hospital. We examined DNACPR (103 patients with DNACPR orders in 530 admissions) and UFTO (118 decisions not to attempt resuscitation in 560 admissions) practice. The Global Trigger Tool was used to quantify harms. Qualitative interviews and observations were used to understand mechanisms and effects. RESULTS: RATE OF HARMS IN PATIENTS FOR WHOM THERE WAS A DOCUMENTED DECISION NOT TO ATTEMPT CPR WAS REDUCED: Rate difference per 1000 patient-days was 12.9 (95% CI: 2.6-23.2, p-value=0.01). There was a difference in the proportion of harms contributing to patient death in the two periods (23/71 in the DNACPR period to 4/44 in the UFTO period (95% CI 7.8-36.1, p-value=0.006). Significant differences were maintained after adjustment for known confounders. No significant change was seen on contemporaneous case control wards. Interviews with clinicians and observation of ward practice revealed the UFTO helped provide clarity of goals of care and reduced negative associations with resuscitation decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Introducing the UFTO was associated with a significant reduction in harmful events in patients in whom a decision not to attempt CPR had been made. Coupled with supportive qualitative evidence, this indicates the UFTO improved care for this vulnerable group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN85474986 UK Comprehensive Research Network Portfolio 7932.

Predicting survival in potentially curable lung cancer patients.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death with unchanged mortality for 50 years. Only localized nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is curable. In these patients it is essential to accurately predict survival to help identify those that will benefit from treatment and those at risk of relapse. Despite needing this clinical information, prospective data are lacking. We therefore prospectively identified prognostic factors in patients with potentially curable lung cancer. Over 2 years, 110 consecutive patients with confirmed localized NSCLC (stages 1-3A) were recruited from a single tertiary center. Prognostic factors investigated included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), performance status, comorbidity, disease stage, quality of life, and respiratory physiology. Patients were followed up for 3-5 years and mortality recorded. The data were analyzed using survival analysis methods. Twenty-eight patients died within 1 year, 15 patients died within 2 years, and 11 patients died within 3 years postsurgery. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates show a survival rate of 51% at 3 years. Factors significantly (p < 0.05) associated with poor overall survival were age at assessment, diabetes, serum albumin, peak VO(2) max, shuttle walk distance, and predicted postoperative transfer factor. In multiple-variable survival models, the strongest predictors of survival overall were diabetes and shuttle walk distance. The results show that potentially curable lung cancer patients should not be discriminated against with respect to weight and smoking history. Careful attention is required when managing patients with diabetes. Respiratory physiologic measurements were of limited value in predicting long-term survival after lung cancer surgery.

The effect of lung resection on pulmonary function and exercise capacity in lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively to evaluate the effects of lung resection on lung function (as measured via spirometry) and exercise capacity (as measured via shuttle-walk test) in lung cancer patients. METHODS: We conducted pulmonary function tests and the shuttle-walk test with 110 consecutive patients, before and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after lobectomy (n = 73) or pneumonectomy (n = 37). All the patients underwent a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. Eighty-eight patients completed all 3 postoperative assessments. RESULTS: At 6 months after resection, the lobectomy patients had lost 15% of their preoperative forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (p < 0.001) and 16% of their exercise capacity (p < 0.001), and the pneumonectomy patients had lost 35% of their preoperative FEV(1) (p < 0.001) and 23% of their exercise capacity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lobectomy patients suffered significant reduction of functional reserve, with almost equal deterioration between lung function and exercise capacity. Pneumonectomy patients had a more substantial loss of functional reserve, and a disproportionate loss of pulmonary function relative to exercise capacity. Therefore, pulmonary function test values considered in isolation may exaggerate the loss of functional exercise capacity in pneumonectomy patients, which is important because many lung cancer patients who require resection for cure are prepared to accept the risks of immediate surgical complications and mortality, but are unwilling to risk long-term poor exercise capacity.

The incidence and impact of low body mass index on patients with operable lung cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To prospectively assess the nutritional status of patients referred for lung cancer surgery, as well as to assess the prognostic value of nutritional status in determining the surgical outcome. METHODS: One hundred and forty-six patients with potentially operable lung cancer were recruited. Loss of appetite and weight loss were recorded. All patients had serum albumin levels and body mass index (BMI) measured. Surgical outcome were noted. RESULTS: Mean age was 69 (range 42-85) years; 29/146 were not referred for surgery. Eight patients underwent failed thoracotomy. In the remaining 109 patients, mean BMI was 26. Seven patients had BMI of 19 or less. Forty-four patients had ideal body weight. The majority of patients (n=58) were overweight. Mean serum albumin was 37g/l and lower than 30g/l in 5 cases. There were 4% postoperative deaths and 32% with poor surgical outcome. There was no statistical difference in mean BMI, serum albumin, loss of appetite or weight loss between the two outcome groups. CONCLUSION: BMI is usually well preserved in patients with operable lung cancer. There was no association between low BMI, low serum albumin, loss of appetite or weight loss, and postoperative death or poor surgical outcome in this study.

Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy to predict postoperative pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing pneumonectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) recommends using quantitative perfusion scintigraphy to predict postoperative lung function in lung cancer patients with borderline pulmonary function tests who will undergo pneumonectomy. However, previous scintigraphic data were gathered on small cohorts more than a decade ago, when surgical populations were significantly different with respect to age and sex compared with typical lung cancer patients undergoing pneumonectomy in 2005. We therefore revisited the use of V/Q scintigraphy in pneumonectomy patients in predicting postoperative pulmonary function and the appropriateness of current clinical guidelines. CONCLUSION: Contrary to ACCP guidelines, we found that ventilation scintigraphy alone provided the best correlation between the predicted and actual postoperative values and recommend its use to predict postoperative lung function. However, scintigraphic techniques may underestimate postoperative lung function, so caution is required before unnecessarily preventing a patient from undergoing surgery that offers a potential cure.

A randomized controlled trial of follow-up of patients discharged from the hospital following acute asthma: best performed by specialist nurse or doctor?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether follow-up of patients recently discharged from the hospital as a result of acute asthma can be adequately provided by a respiratory specialist nurse compared to a respiratory doctor. DESIGN: Single center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: District general hospital in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-four of 373 eligible patients admitted with acute asthma were enrolled into the study from October 2000 to October 2003. All patients > 16 years of age were eligible for the study. Patients with COPD were excluded. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to receive an initial 30-min follow-up clinic appointment within 2 weeks of hospital discharge with either a specialist nurse or respiratory doctor. This comprised a medical review, patient education, and a self-management asthma plan. Further follow-up was then arranged as was deemed appropriate by the corresponding doctor or nurse. All patients were asked to attend a 6-month appointment. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the number of exacerbations within 6 months of hospital admission. Secondary outcome variables were change in peak flow, quality of life (using the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Asthma Questionnaire 20 [AQ20]), and clinic attendance. RESULTS: Outcome data were available for 66 patients in the doctor group and 70 patients in the nurse group. There was no difference in the number of patients with exacerbations in the nurse group compared to the doctor group (45.6% vs 49.2%; odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 1.71; p = 0.674). However, a significant proportion of patients in both groups had exacerbations despite hospital outpatient follow-up. There was no difference in quality of life (p = 0.285; mean difference, 0.78; 95% CI, - 0.64 to 2.19 for the AQ20; and p = 0.891; mean difference, 1.08; 95% CI, - 5.05 to 7.21 for SGRQ) or change in peak flow (mean difference between nurse and doctor groups, 1.39 (95% CI, - 3.84 to 6.63; p = 0.122) at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up care by a nurse specialist for patients admitted with acute asthma can be delivered equivocally with comparable safety and effectiveness to that given by a doctor.

Cardiopulmonary exercise tests and lung cancer surgical outcome.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for anatomically resectable non-small cell lung cancer. However, the presence of associated comorbid conditions increases the risk of death and surgical complications. Several studies have evaluated the usefulness of preoperative exercise testing for predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to establish whether exercise testing could predict poor surgical outcome in lung cancer surgery and whether the absolute value or percentage of predicted value is the better predictor of the surgical outcome. DESIGN: The study was designed as a prospective study. PATIENTS AND SETTING: One hundred thirty patients with potentially operable lung cancer at Papworth Hospital over 2 years were recruited; of these, 101 underwent curative surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed for every patient (n = 99), except for two patients with back problems. We also recorded the outcome of surgery, in particular, complications and mortality. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Mean maximum oxygen transport at peak exercise (Vo(2)peak) was 18.3 mL/kg/min (SD, 4.7 mL/kg/min), and mean percentage of predicted Vo(2)peak value was 84.4% (SD, 30%). Poor surgical outcome was significantly related to Vo(2)peak percentage of predicted (p < 0.01) but not to the actual oxygen uptake value. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the percentage of predicted Vo(2)peak value would be a better indicator of surgical outcome, since it predicts the surgical outcome better, and corrects for normal physiologic ranges. The threshold of Vo(2)peak for surgical intervention could be set between 50% and 60% of predicted without excess surgical mortality.

Relationship of shuttle walk test and lung cancer surgical outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery remains the treatment of choice in patients with potentially resectable lung carcinoma. Both the British Thoracic Society and American Chest Physician guidelines for the selection of patients with lung cancer surgery suggest the use of a shuttle walk test to predict outcome in patients with borderline lung function. The guidelines suggest that if the patient is unable to walk 250 m during a shuttle walk test, they are high risk for surgery. However, there is no published evidence to support this recommendation. Therefore, we undertook a prospective study to examine the relationship between shuttle walk test and surgical outcome in 139 patients undergoing assessment for possible lung cancer surgery. METHODS: The shuttle walk test was performed in 139 potentially resectable patients, recruited over a 2 year period, prior to surgery. One hundred and eleven patients underwent surgery. Outcome of surgery, including duration of hospital stay, complication and mortality rates was recorded. Student's t-test was used to compare the shuttle walk distance in patients with good and poor outcome from surgery. RESULTS: Mean age of patients undergoing surgery was 69 years (42-85). Mean shuttle walk distance was 395 m (145-780), with a mean oxygen desaturation of 4% (0-14) during the test. Sixty nine patients had a good surgical outcome and 34 had a poor outcome. The shuttle walk distance was not statistically different in the two outcome groups. CONCLUSION: Shuttle walk distance should not be used to predict poor surgical outcome in lung cancer patients, contrary to current recommendations. It is therefore advisable to perform a formal cardiopulmonary exercise test if at all possible. The usefulness of a shuttle walk test might be improved. It could be compared to a predicted value, as for a formal cardiopulmonary exercise test.

Use of quantitative lung scintigraphy to predict postoperative pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with non-small cell lung cancer, the only realistic chance of cure is surgical resection. However, in some of these patients there is such poor respiratory reserve that surgery can result in an unacceptable quality of life. In order to identify these patients, various pulmonary function tests and scintigraphic techniques have been used. The current American College of Physicians and British Thoracic Society guidelines do not recommend the use of quantitative ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy to predict postoperative function in lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy. These guidelines may have been influenced by previous scintigraphic studies performed over a decade ago. Since then there have been advances in both surgical techniques and scintigraphic techniques, and the surgical population has become older and more female represented. METHODS: We prospectively performed spirometry and quantitative ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy on 61 consecutive patients undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer. Spirometry was repeated one-month postsurgery. Both a simple segment counting technique alone and scintigraphy were used to predict the postoperative lung function. RESULTS: There was statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the predicted postoperative lung function using both the simple segment counting technique and the scintigraphic techniques. However, the correlation using simple segment counting was of negligible difference compared to scintigraphy. CONCLUSIONS: In keeping with current American Chest Physician and British Thoracic Society guidelines, our results suggest that quantitative ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is not necessary in the preoperative assessment of lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy. The simple segmenting technique can be used to predict postoperative lung function in lobectomy patients.

The role of transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: For many years in the United States transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) has been used with flexible bronchoscopy to diagnosis bronchogenic carcinoma, but very few data are available from the United Kingdom. METHODS: All bronchoscopies performed for suspected bronchial carcinoma at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, over the last 3 years were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with peribronchial disease, as evidenced by submucosal infiltration or extrinsic compression on bronchoscopy, were selected for TBNA. Patients with computed tomography evidence of subcarinal lymphadenopathy were also included. In total we identified 78 patients: 67 with peribronchial disease and 21 with subcarinal lymphadenopathy. All 78 patients underwent TBNA, and in 8 of these TBNA was performed in 2 sites. RESULTS: Malignancy was confirmed in 66 of the 78 patients. TBNA was positive in 31/66 (47%) of the patients who had proven bronchogenic carcinoma. Additional staging information was obtained in 9/21 patients (42.8%) who underwent subcarinal lymph node aspiration. We also found that TBNA was diagnostic in 1 patient with tuberculosis and 1 with sarcoidosis. There was only 1 important TBNA complication, which was a small pneumothorax. CONCLUSION: In our preliminary experience with selected patients suspected to have bronchogenic carcinoma (based on peribronchial disease or subcarinal lymphadenopathy), we found TBNA a safe and useful tool.