Medical dermatologic conditions in transgender women.

Many previous reviews and studies on transgender dermatology have highlighted the expected dermatologic manifestations of hormone affirmation therapy in transgender patients. Others have highlighted attitudes and practices of both transgender patients and medical professionals taking care of these patients. This review compiles data from other, lesser known aspects of transgender dermatology, including neovaginal concerns, neoplastic concerns (both neovaginal and cutaneous), autoimmune conditions, and the sequelae of injectable substances that have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This review, like others, will be a stepping-stone and serve as an impetus for future research in transgender dermatology.

Klippel-Feil anomaly with Sprengel anomaly, omovertebral bone, thumb abnormalities, and flexion-crease changes: novel association or syndrome?

We report on a family with Klippel-Feil anomaly (KF), Sprengel anomaly, omovertebral bone, thumb abnormalities, and flexion-crease abnormalities. This combination of abnormalities does not fit into Holt-Oram syndrome, Wildervanck syndrome, oculo-auriculo-vertebral (Goldenhar) anomaly, or the VATER complex. Clinical aspects of a KF classification are discussed. The state of molecular research on KF is briefly reported. We conclude that this set of anomalies is a novel combination, probably representing pleiotropy of a single Mendelian gene.

Unstable resonator modes for lasers with circular mirrors and high Fresnel numbers.

The design of unstable resonators for large lasers with high Fresnel numbers and circular mirrors requires an ability to calculate their mode structures. Four methods for obtaining mode structure by solving the complex integral equation are analyzed. Included are a numerical method, two hybrid methods, and a virtual-source method. The hybrid methods are basically analytical methods with special numerical integration of analytical solutions (over the feedback mirror) to obtain improved solutions in the output annulus. The hybrid methods are designed for use with high-Fresnel-number resonators. However, their applicability extends into the low-Fresnel-number regime, where a comparison shows one of the hybrid methods agreeing exceptionally well with the numerical method. For analysis at high Fresnel numbers, the hybrid and virtual-source methods are compared with each other. The two hybrid methods are expected to differ from each other in the central core region when the Fresnel number is low, but they are expected to agree with each other when the Fresnel number is high. For the hybrid comparison at a high Fresnel number, the next to lowest loss modes show a similar structure. However, lack of agreement for the lowest loss mode shows that approximations in the development of the second hybrid method cause the selection of the wrong geometrical mode.