[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Effects of rutin on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver of rats fed diets with different level of fat].

The study has been carried out on 6 groups of male Wistar rats, which received semi-synthetic diets within 28 days. Rats of 1st and 4th group received fat-free diet, 2nid.and 5th - diet containing standard amount of fat (10% by weight, 26% by caloric content; lard/sunflower oil - 1/1); 3rd and 6th group - a high-fat diet (30% by weight, 56% by caloric content). During the last 14 days of the experiment rats received rutin in the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. AOA, MDA level and the activity of paraoxonase I have been evaluated in blood serum. In rat liver along with the parameters of the antioxidant status (MDA level, activity of paraoxonase 1, quinone reductase, heme oxygenase-1) the activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A1, CYP2B1, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathione transferase) and the activity of lysosomal enzymes (arylsulfatase A and B, ß-galactosidase and ß-glucuronidase) have been investigated. Elevation of the activity of antioxidant enzymes and XME in liver with the increase of diet fat content has been-noted. Rutin admihistration had no effect onparamete6rs of antioxidant status and decreased unsedimentable activity of lysosomal enzymes that did not depend on fat content in the diet. Rutin receiving increased the activity of all studied XME in rats fed standard diet, but practically did not effect on their activity in rats fed by fat-free and high-fat diets. Thus, rutin in pharmacological dose has no effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes that doesn't depend on the level of fat in the diet, while the decrease or increase of diet fat content modulates (weakens) the influence of rutin on the XME activity.

[Biologically active substances of plant origin. Flavonols and flavones: prevalence, dietary sourses and consumption].

Flavonoids are the most numerous group of natural polyphenolic compounds, the secondary metabolites of plants that may play an important role in human health protection. Flavonols and flavones constitute the main two classes of flavonoids, whose antioxidant properties and high biological activity have been proofed both in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes data, concerning the structure, occurrence and content of the main flavonols (quercetin, kaempherol, myricetin, isorhamnetin) and flavones (apigenin, luteolin) in some most widely consumed foodstuffs, including vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, beverages and other products of plant origin. The products with high content of these biologically active food compounds--the major dietary sources of them--are noted. Forms of flavonols and flavones more often distributed among edible plants are characterized and some of their known glycosides occurred in foods are enumerated. Some peculiarities, characteristic to flavonol sand flavones glycosilation (O- and/or C-glycosides formation) are described. The data for flavonol and flavone glycosides composition (profiles) of some commonly consumed commodities rich by these flavonoids (onions, cabbage, apples at al.) are shown. Information about levels of daily dietary intake of total and individual flavonols and flavones in several countries is presented. The questions about dietary habits and lifestyle factors and the contribution of certain foods to flavonols and flavones in daily dietary consumption values are also discussed.

[Toxicological and sanitary characterization of bentonite nanoclay].

Intragastric administration of nanoclay to rats during 28 days led to reductions in the relative weight of the liver, the activity of its conjugating enzymes, the antagonistic activity of bifidoflora, and the hyperproduction of colonic yeast microflora. The findings lead to the conclusion that nanoclays that may be present in foods must be the object of sanitary regulation.

[Toxicological and sanitary characteristics of fullerene C60 administered to the rat gastrointestinal tract].

A four-week experiment dealing with the intragastric administration of fullerene C60 dispersion to rats has established that this substance in a dose of 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight causes a number of changes in the parameters of animals, such as reductions in relative liver weight and isoform CYP 1A2 activity and increases in glutathione reductase activity, eosinophils, and neutrophils. It is concluded that fullerene can affect the animals when orally given in the doses studied.

[Effects of green tea extract and its components on antioxidant status and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of rats].

Dietary administration of green tea extract (GTE) or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Qu) or caffeine (Cf) in doses equal to their concentration in GTE led to an increase of serum and liver antioxidant capacity and strengthening stability of microsomal and lysosomal membranes in rats. The antioxidant efficiency of EGCG and Qu was considerably higher than that of GTE. There were significant differences in the effects of EGCG, Qu and GTE on the activities and expression of mRNA for CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A1. But feeding both GTE and Cf to rats results in similar elevated activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathion transferase. Our results suggest that Cf is the main contributor to GTE effects on activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.

[Biological active substances of plant origin. Flavanones: dietary sources, biovailability, the influence on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes].

This review summarizes data concerning distribution, as well as the main food sources and daily consumption of flavanones, a relatively small group of flavonoids exhibiting wide range of biological activities, which are mainly specific for citrus fruits. The questions on their bioavailability and metabolism are discussed. The results of the in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of flavanones on the activity of I and II phase drug metabolizing enzymes are shown.

[Toxicological and hygiene characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles introduced to the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Communication 1. Integral, biochemical and hematologic indices, small intestinal macromolecule absorption, DNA damage].

Water suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were introduced intragastrically to growing male Wistar rats daily for 28 days. The data obtained revealed the presence of toxic risks related to said nanomaterials action and demonstrate the necessity of sanitary regulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in food contact materials, cosmetics and other commodity.

[Biological active substances of plant origin catechins: dietary sourses, biovailability, the influence on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes].

Data for monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechins) occurrance and content in foodstuffs of plant origin, as well as the main food sources and dietary intake of these flavonoids are reviewed. The questions on bioavailability, distribution and biotransformation of individual catechins are discussed. The results of in vitro and in vivo investigations of catechins effects on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes activities were shown.

[Biological active substanse of plant origin. Phenolic acids: occurrence, dietary sourses biovailability].

Data for phenolic acids of two classes (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) occurrance and content in foodstuffs (fruits, berries, vegetables, species, cereals, tee, coffee and other beveradges) are reviewed. Data on their main dietary sourses are shown. Bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic asids and their derivatives are discussed.

[Medical and biological evaluation of safety of protein concentrate from genetically-modified soybeans. Biochemical studies]. / Mediko-biologicheskaia otsenka bezopasnosti belkovogo kontsentrata, poluchennogo iz geneticheski modifitsirovannoi soi. Biokhimicheskie issledovaniia.

The rats were fed with albuminous concentrate from the genetically modified soybean 40-3-2 ("Monsanto Co", USA) 1.25 g/rat/day for 5 months. Their blood, urea and liver were investigated to measure total protein and glucose levels, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, pH, relative density and creatinine level in the urea, as well as hepatic enzyme activity of the I and II phases of xenobiotic metabolism, and the whole and non-sedimentated lysosomal enzyme activities. The lasting albuminous concentrate supplementation from the genetically modified soybean to the rat's diet has been shown to modify hepatocyte membrane function and enzymatic activity within physiological standards. It was not harmful to the adaptation systems.

[The study of the in vitro effect of selenium on formation of active oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes]. / Izuchenie vliianiia selena in vitro na obrazovanie aktivnykh form kisloroda i perekisnoe okislenie lipidov v mikrosomakh pecheni krys.

In vitro influence of sodium selenite on cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of active oxygen species on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver microsomes was studied. Sodium selenite (10(-6)-10(-3) M) did not influence rates of NADPH/Fe-induced formation of active oxygen species (O2.-, OH., H2O2) and NAPDH-dependent LPO. Only at 10(-3) M selenite caused significant decrease in production of hydrogen peroxide in microsomes. Data obtained suggest that sodium selenite at physiological concentrations does not influence formation of active oxygen species by cytochrome P-450 and the rate of enzymatic LPO in rat liver microsomes.

[Effectiveness of lignin as a protective factor in exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls]. / Effektivnost' lignina kak zashchitnogo faktora pri vozdeistvii polikhlorirovannykh bifenilov.

The effect of lignin on some biochemical and morphological parameters was studied in rats after short-term treatment with the industrial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) sovol at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, 5 times a week for a fortnight. Dietary supplementation of 5% lignin as the drug polyphenane did not protect the induction of the rat hepatic P-450 cytochrome monooxygenase system, which is typical of the action of PCB, but slightly modified the inducing effect of sovol. In the polyphepane-fed animals, there was a decrease in impairments of the liver structure and its more rapid normalization than in control rats. The lower hepatotoxic effect of the PCB mixture when lignin was added to the ration was likely to be associated with the action of lignin as a nonspecific polyvalent enterosorbent. It is concluded that polyphepane is a promising protective agent on exposure to PCB.

[Effect of trans-anethole on liver monooxygenase system and its induction of polychlorinated diphenyls]. / Vliianie trans-anetola na monooksigenaznuiu sistemy pecheni i eë induktsiiu polikhlorirovannymi difenilami.

Effect of trans-anetol (t-An) as nutritive addition to cytochrome P-450 containing system (MOS) of liver of rats was studied. It was shown, that t-An rendered inducing action to MOS, which depended on degree of action. It was established that simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles (sovol) modified inducing action of sovol to cytochrome P-450 system, Simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles increased hepatotoxic action of these xenobiotics.

[State of the monooxygenase system of the rat liver during ontogenesis under the action of polychlorinated diphenyls]. / Sostoianie monooksigenaznoi sistemy pecheni krys v ontogeneze pri vozdeistvii polikhlorivovannykh difenilov.

Perinatal action of polychlorinated diphenyls on rat liver monooxygenase system in ontogenesis was studied. Significant modifications in the development of cytochrome P-450 system were noted.

[Liver lipid peroxidation in the ontogeny of rats during perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls]. / Izuchenie perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov pecheni v ontogeneze u krys pri perinatal'nom vozdeistvii polikhlorirovannymi difenilami.

We studied the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the supernatant and the level of malonic acid dialdehyde in liver tissue of rats of various age. The activity of lipid peroxidation system and the malonic dialdehyde content in the early postnatal period increased to the adult level. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity increased during the first four months of animals life while that of superoxide dismutase increased until the animals were seven months old. A single administration of polychlorinated diphenyls at a dose of 500 mg/kg (1/10 LD50) to pregnant rats drastically stimulated and changed the pattern of the studied activities in their offspring. The role of lipid peroxidation in modification of microsomal membranes after the monooxygenase system induction by polychlorinated diphenyls in early ontogenesis is discussed.

[The effect of a lipid food component on enzymatic activity of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum upon the action of polychlorinated biphenyls]. / Izuchenie vliianiia lipidnogo komponenta pishchi na aktivnost' fermentov éndoplazmaticheskogo retikulum pechenia krys pri vozdelstvii polikhlorirovannykh difenilov.

The authors have studied the character of changes in the content of cytochrome P450 and b5, in the oxidation rate of amidopyrine, dimethyl-aniline and aniline, in the NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation systems, as well as in glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylesterase activities in the liver microsomes of the rats on semisynthetic diets, including 50% (according to calorific value) of butter or sunflower oil, or receiving fat-free diet (0.5% of sunflower oil) in different terms (4 and 70 days) after a single intragastric administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, chlorinated biphenyl (500 mg/kg). It is shown that the degree and character of the microsomal enzymes studied, as well as the changes in the liver structure under the action of chlorinated biphenyl depend, to a certain extent, on the quality and quantity of fat in the diet.

[Morphologic changes and cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of the rat after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in various diets]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia i induktsiia tsitokhroma P-450 pecheni krys posle vozdeistviia polikhlorirovannymi difenilami v usloviiakh razlichnogo pitaniia.

In is shown that administration of sovol, a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, in a dose of 500 mg/kg (about 1:10 LD50) induces pronounced changes in the rat liver structure, in particular, fat accumulation and diminution of RNA lump number in hepatocyte cytoplasma, alteration of nuclei, decrease in the number of hepatocytes and binuclear cells in the visual field. Structural disorders in the liver are observed during a long period (up to 5 months) and, to a certain extent, depend on the composition of the lipid component of the ration. Certain differences are recorded in the character of the morphological changes in the liver after single and repeated injections of the agent. No distinct relationship is recorded between the manifestation of hepatocyte fat infiltration and other morphological changes in the liver, and the index of microsomal cytochrome P-450 induction during sovol action.

[Monooxygenase system activity and rate of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes in reinduction with polychlorinated biphenyls]. / Aktivnost' monooksigenaznoi sistemy i skorost' perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov v mikrosomakh pecheni krys pri reinduktsii poliklorirovannymi difenilami.

Single oral administration of sovol (mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls) caused a significant induction of the liver monooxygenase system (MOS) in rats. The inducing effect persisted for 5 months. Liver MOS responses were similar in repeated and primary sovol administrations. Differences in the morphological liver changes have been detected following single and repeated administrations of sovol.