Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 104
Filter
1.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 164: 939-948, 2020 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32687902

ABSTRACT

Assamese kingfish (Cyprinion semiplotum) belonging to the subfamily Barbinae is an important food as well as aquarium fish having identified pharmacological benefits. The species has a complex taxonomic history and its phylogenetic position remains uncertain. Molecular data employed in earlier phylogenetic studies was inadequate for its phylogenetic placement. Therefore, we characterized 16,671 bp long complete mitogenome of C. semiplotum using next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome encodes the typical set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and two non-coding regions. Its gene organization, distribution pattern, nucleotide composition, tRNA secondary structure and codon usage was similar to other Cyprinid mitogenomes. However, a distinctive 90 bp insertion was found in 3' periphery of the AT-rich control region. This can be a tool for identification of the species at the population level. Further, we reconstructed the most comprehensive phylogenetic trees of Cyprinidae based on complete mitogenome. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, C. semiplotum clustered tightly with other Barbinae species and exhibited a sister relationship with the species of the genera Aulopye, Barbus, Luciobarbus and Capoeta. The results presented herein will support future investigations on molecular taxonomy, population genetics, evolution and molecular phylogeny of C. semiplotum and its relatives.


Subject(s)
Cyprinidae/genetics , Genome, Mitochondrial , Animals , Codon , DNA, Intergenic , Fish Proteins/genetics , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Phylogeny , Protein Structure, Secondary , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , RNA, Transfer/genetics , Species Specificity
2.
Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal ; 30(3): 397-406, 2019 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30451555

ABSTRACT

The population genetic structure and genetic diversity of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis were studied using three mitochondrial genes (CoxI, Cytb, ATPase 6/8). A total of 120 individuals representing nine populations from different drainages of Northeast India were used for the study. Thirty-three distinct haplotypes were identified from concatenated gene analysis. The total haplotype and nucleotide diversities are 0.8880 and 0.0280, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) reveals that the main variation (89.33%) was among populations. Most of the populations showed high polymorphisms, parsimony and haplotype diversity which indicate genetically healthy stocks in the wild. The genetic differentiation patterns were consistent with geographical distributions. Pairwise FST comparison of populations showed significant genetic differentiation (0.9088, p < .05). The pattern of haplotype network and phylogenetic tree revealed six major groups. Results suggested that chocolate mahseer populations in Northeast India having high haplotype diversity and genetic differentiation can be utilized in breeding programs to maintain genetic diversity in the descendant populations. The present study would be beneficial for sustainable management, stock-specific strategies for breeding and conservation of the wild population of N. hexagonolepis in future.


Subject(s)
Cyprinidae/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Markers , Genetic Variation/genetics , Animals , Genetics, Population , India
3.
J Intern Med ; 281(6): 575-585, 2017 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28145001

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The natural farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) suppresses hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and reduces biliary cholesterol secretion and triglyceride production. Animal studies have shown that bile acids downregulate hepatic LDL receptors (LDLRs); however, information on LDL metabolism in humans is limited. METHODS: Kinetics of autologous 125 I-LDL were determined in 12 male subjects at baseline and during treatment with CDCA (15 mg kg-1 day-1 ). In seven patients with gallstones treated with CDCA for 3 weeks before cholecystectomy, liver biopsies were collected and analysed for enzyme activities and for specific LDLR binding. Serum samples obtained before treatment and at surgery were analysed for markers of lipid metabolism, lipoproteins and the LDLR modulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). RESULTS: Chenodeoxycholic acid treatment increased plasma LDL cholesterol by ~10% as a result of reduced clearance of plasma LDL-apolipoprotein (apo)B; LDL production was somewhat reduced. The reduction in LDL clearance occurred within 1 day after initiation of treatment. In CDCA-treated patients with gallstones, hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase activities were reduced by 83% and 54%, respectively, and specific LDLR binding was reduced by 20%. During treatment, serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 and total and LDL cholesterol increased, whereas levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, lathosterol, PCSK9, apoA-I, apoC-III, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides and insulin were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Chenodeoxycholic acid has a broad influence on lipid metabolism, including reducing plasma clearance of LDL. The reduction in circulating PCSK9 may dampen its effect on hepatic LDLRs and plasma LDL cholesterol. Further studies of the effects of other FXR agonists on cholesterol metabolism in humans seem warranted, considering the renewed interest for such therapy in liver disease and diabetes.


Subject(s)
Apolipoprotein C-III/drug effects , Chenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology , Cholesterol, LDL/drug effects , Lipoprotein(a)/drug effects , Proprotein Convertase 9/drug effects , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists , Apolipoprotein C-III/blood , Chenodeoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Gallstones/drug therapy , Humans , Liver/enzymology , Male , Proprotein Convertase 9/blood , Receptors, LDL/metabolism
4.
Plant Genome ; 9(2)2016 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27898808

ABSTRACT

is one of three genetic loci conferring strain-specific resistance to (SMV). The locus has been mapped to a 154-kb region on chromosome 14, containing a cluster of five nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) resistance genes. High sequence similarity between the candidate genes challenges fine mapping of the locus. Among the five, Glyma14g38533 showed the highest transcript abundance in 1 to 3 h of SMV-G7 inoculation. Comparative sequence analyses were conducted with the five candidate NB-LRR genes from susceptible (-type) soybean [ (L.) Merr.] cultivar Williams 82, resistant (-type) cultivar Hwangkeum, and resistant lines L29 and RRR. Sequence comparisons revealed that Glyma14g38533 had far more polymorphisms than the other candidate genes. Interestingly, Glyma14g38533 gene from -type lines exhibited 150 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP and six insertion-deletion (InDel) markers relative to -type line, Furthermore, the polymorphisms identified in three -type lines were highly conserved. Several polymorphisms were validated in 18 -type resistant and six -type susceptible lines and were found associated with their disease response. The majority of the polymorphisms were located in LRR domain encoding region, which is involved in pathogen recognition via protein-protein interactions. These findings associating Glyma14g38533 with -type resistance to SMV suggest it is the most likely candidate gene for .


Subject(s)
Disease Resistance/genetics , Glycine max/genetics , Glycine max/virology , Potyvirus/physiology , Genes, Plant/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Analysis
5.
Gynecol Obstet Fertil ; 40(11): 691-4, 2012 Nov.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23084737

ABSTRACT

Except adoption, absolute uterine factor infertility lacks solution in case of motherhood desire. Gestational surrogacy is still not approved in France. Over the last decade, uterus transplantation experimentation made advances. Data from animal research, progress in immunosuppressive treatment and knowledge about pregnancy after transplantation provide a scenario in which a human allotransplantation project can become reality.


Subject(s)
Infertility, Female/etiology , Infertility, Female/surgery , Uterine Diseases/complications , Uterus/transplantation , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , France , Humans , Immunosuppression Therapy , Pregnancy , Surrogate Mothers/legislation & jurisprudence
6.
Clin Microbiol Infect ; 18(12): E531-2, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23043635

ABSTRACT

Lyme borreliosis is a common tick-borne disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Cardiac involvement has been reported during both the acute phase (atrioventricular block, pericarditis) and the chronic stage (dilated cardiomyopathy), but is rare (<5%). Here we describe the first case of Borrelia afzelii Lyme endocarditis, in a 61-year-old man living in an endemic area of France. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of B. afzelii DNA in the mitral valve by specific real-time PCR. He was treated empirically with amoxicillin for 6 weeks and remains well 12 months later.


Subject(s)
Borrelia burgdorferi Group/isolation & purification , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Lyme Disease/complications , Lyme Disease/diagnosis , Amoxicillin/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , France , Humans , Lyme Disease/drug therapy , Lyme Disease/microbiology , Male , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve/microbiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Treatment Outcome
7.
Mymensingh Med J ; 20(4): 734-7, 2011 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22081199

ABSTRACT

Asymptomatic post-menopausal osteoporosis is common but some-times associated with pain and deformity. Symptomatic osteoporosis is usually associated with fracture. A 59 years old post-menopausal woman presented with a history of acute low-back-pain. She had menopause for 12 years. She gave history of colles' fracture at about two years back. Her mother died as consequences of femoral neck fracture. MRI of vertebral spine showed demineralization with partial collapse of D6,7,12 and L1 vertebra. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of vertebra showed BMD T-score of -4.5. Patient was managed with IV infusion of zoledronic acid, oral intake of vitamin D and calcium supplements and with regular non-weight-bearing exercises. Her condition improved gradually. During post-menopausal period, every women must be aware of osteoporosis and any fracture in that time must be evaluated to rule out osteoporosis.


Subject(s)
Colles' Fracture/etiology , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/complications , Osteoporotic Fractures/etiology , Bone Density , Female , Humans , Middle Aged
8.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces ; 84(2): 338-45, 2011 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21316933

ABSTRACT

In the pursuit of making the nanoscale-research greener, the utilization of the reductive potency of a common byproduct of food processing industry i.e. orange peel is reported here to prepare biopolymer-templated "green" silver nanoparticles. Aqueous extract of orange peel at basic pH was exploited to prepare starch supported nanoparticles under ambient conditions. The compositional abundance of pectins, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, sugars, carotenoids and myriad other flavones may be envisaged for the effective reductive potential of orange peel to generate silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were distributed within a narrow size spectrum of (3-12 nm) with characteristic Bragg's reflection planes of fcc structure, and surface plasmon resonance peak at 404 nm. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay using goat liver homogenate and DPPH scavenging test established the anti-oxidant potency of the silver nanoparticles. Their synergy with rifampicin against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736 and cytocompatibility with the human leukemic monocytic cell line, THP-1 were also investigated. Thus, the present work deals with the preparation of starch assisted anti-microbial, cytocompatible and free radical scavenging "green" silver nanoparticles.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Biomimetics , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Bacillus subtilis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Models, Molecular , Water/chemistry
9.
Arch Environ Occup Health ; 65(2): 70-6, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20439225

ABSTRACT

The objective of this cross-sectional comparative study was to assess quality of life (QOL) of arsenicosis patients. A total of 104 arsenicosis patients, 104 arsenic-exposed individuals without arsenicosis (nonpatients), and 104 individuals not exposed to arsenic (controls) were interviewed based on a questionnaire constructed based on the WHOQOL-BREF instrument. The facets of life considered for assessing QOL were physical health domain, psychological domain, social relationships domain, and environment domain. All the domain-wise QOL scores of the arsenicosis patients were significantly smaller than those of the controls as well as of the nonpatients. The findings of the study assessing QOL of arsenicosis patients might be helpful to understand the condition and justify for the policy makers to adopt adequate measures to alleviate the sufferings through prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.


Subject(s)
Arsenic Poisoning/psychology , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Adult , Bangladesh , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Middle Aged , Psychological Tests , Rural Population , Water Supply , Young Adult
12.
Int J Clin Pract ; 62(7): 1001-7, 2008 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18462371

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite its validity as a screening test for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and its prognostic value, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is infrequently used in primary care, probably because a Doppler device is required, along with the requisite skill for its use. We hypothesized that ABI could be accurately measured either by pulse palpation (pABI) or automatic blood pressure devices (autoABI) instead of Doppler method (dABI). DESIGN AND METHODS: In 54 subjects, we compared the results and the intra-observer reproducibility of pABI to dABI, as well as the inter-observer reproducibility of both pABI and autoABI to dABI. Arm and ankle systolic pressures were measured by the three methods by two observers. The first observer repeated pABI and dABI measurements. The results were compared by the Student paired t-test. Reproducibility was assessed by the intra-class correlation coefficient of agreement (R) and the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: The mean dABI obtained by the first observers was 1.03 +/- 0.26 vs. a pABI of 0.85 +/- 0.44 (p < 0.0001) and an autoABI of 1.09 +/- 0.31 (p < 0.05). The intra-observer R-coefficient was at 0.89 for dABI vs. 0.60 for pABI (p < 0.05). The inter-observer R-coefficients were 0.79 for dABI vs. 0.40 for pABI (p < 0.05) and 0.44 for autoABI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Neither pulse palpation nor automatic oscillometric devices can be recommended as reliable methods for ABI measurement.


Subject(s)
Ankle Brachial Index/methods , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Ankle Brachial Index/instrumentation , Diagnostic Errors , Family Practice/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Palpation/methods , Reproducibility of Results
13.
Int J Clin Pract ; 62(1): 59-64, 2008 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18028389

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Several studies highlight the underestimation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) rates in general population, leading to a lack of opportunity to detect subjects at a high risk for cardiovascular events. We sought to investigate (i) the prevalence of unrecognised PAD in patients hospitalised for non-vascular diseases and (ii) the intensity of preventive drug therapies in this population. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was of the cross-sectional design in a tertiary care hospital, which included 291 randomly selected patients of >or=40 years of age. Patients were assessed for medical history, pulse palpation and ankle-brachial index (ABI). The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ) was administered. PAD was defined either by an ABIor=1.4 or in case of limb revascularisation history. RESULTS: Overall PAD prevalence was 29%; 21 patients (7.2%) with a history of PAD, while 65 (22.3%) had an unknown PAD. Among patients with unknown PAD, a typical intermittent claudication was unusual (3%). In patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD), four factors were associated with unrecognised PAD: absence of posterior tibial pulse (OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.89-10.51; p<0.001), male sex (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.03-5.25; p=0.04), age>70 years (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.07-5.58; p=0.04), CVD risk factors>or=2 (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.20-5.76; p=0.02). Antiplatelet therapy and statins were each prescribed in 35.5% of the unrecognised PAD patients with ABIor=1.4. CONCLUSIONS: In a tertiary care hospital, the prevalence of unrecognised PAD among patients hospitalised for non-PAD-related causes is high and the preventive CVD therapy rates are low. Hospitalisation is a good opportunity to detect PAD.


Subject(s)
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , France/epidemiology , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/epidemiology , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/prevention & control , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Prevalence
14.
J Mal Vasc ; 32(4-5): 201-9, 2007 Dec.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17881172

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Amniotic membranes are used with success in ophthalmology to treat corneal wounds and ulcers. In this pilot study, we attempt to assess the tolerance of amniotic membranes in the management of resistant venous and/or arterial vascular ulcers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively included 8 patients, 7 males and 1 female, mean age 69.5+/- 9.6 years, with venous and/or arterial ulcers resistant after 6 months with usual medical care and/or after revascularisation failure. Amniotic membranes were applied on a weekly basis with the fetal side on the ulcer, covered by a secondary bandage. The primary end-point was evaluation of tolerance of amniotic membranes on vascular ulcers. The secondary end-points were a >50% reduction of ulcer's area, a significant (P< or =0.05) improvement of pain visual scale score and the quality of life assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: Tolerance was excellent in all cases. We observed no adverse effect. We observed complete healing at weeks 19 and 26 for 2 patients and a >50% reduction of ulcer area at weeks 26, 31 and 32 for 3 patients. A sixth patient had an ulcer area reduction <50% and the 2 remaining showed no improvement. A significant improvement was noticed for visual pain scale and the health feeling dimension in the SF-36 questionnaire. No adverse effect or amputation requirement was noted. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results are encouraging and require a larger confirmatory study. Further studies are required to clarify the action mode of this therapeutic option.


Subject(s)
Amnion , Cryopreservation , Ulcer/therapy , Vascular Diseases/therapy , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Varicose Ulcer/therapy
16.
Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care ; 11(3): 220-7, 2006 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17056454

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: There might be a difference between non-working and working women in their perception of rights and privileges which may influence their contraceptive behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine contraceptive behavior among non-working and working women in Bangladesh determining associated factors. METHOD: Analysis was based on data from the 1999-2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey which employs nationally representative sample. RESULTS: The prevalence of current contraceptive use (any method) was 58.2% among non-working women and 65.5% among working women. Both rates are still low for the country. Some factors, such as discussed family planning with husband, husband approves family planning, desire for more children, and husband lives together, were influential determinants of lower contraceptive prevalence among the non-working women. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a necessity for social activities promoting husband-wife communication and women's participation in employment to enhance the use of contraceptives among Bangladeshi women, especially non-working women.


Subject(s)
Contraception Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Contraception/statistics & numerical data , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Bangladesh , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Logistic Models , Marriage , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis
17.
Vasc Med ; 11(2): 93-9, 2006 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16886839

ABSTRACT

The objective of this prospective observational study was to establish the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic diabetic population and to determine predictive factors for a screening optimization. A total of 300 consecutive type-2 diabetic subjects (166 males, 134 females) underwent a physical examination and duplex carotid scanning. Patients with a recent cerebrovascular event (< or = 6 weeks) or previous carotid surgery were excluded. The prevalence of carotid stenosis > or = 60% or occlusion was 4.7%; the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was 68.3%. Risk factors for stenosis > or = 60% or occlusion were the presence of diabetic retinopathy (OR: 3.62; 95% CI: 1.12-11.73), ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.85 (OR: 3.94; 95% CI: 1.21-12.84) and a personal history of neurological disorders (OR: 4.54; 95% CI: 1.16-17.81). Being female was a protective factor (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01-0.78). The two factors in the analysis limited to the male population were an ABI < 0.85 (OR: 3.66; 95% CI: 1.04-12.84) and a personal history of coronary heart disease (OR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.01-11.01). If male diabetics without either of these two factors are excluded, the negative predictive value for carotid stenosis is 96.6%. In conclusion, the prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid disease in diabetic patients is high. In these patients, the probability of finding >60% stenosis is highest among men with a history of coronary heart disease or an ABI <0.85.


Subject(s)
Ankle/blood supply , Brachial Artery/physiopathology , Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology , Carotid Stenosis/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Mass Screening , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Blood Pressure , Carotid Arteries/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Artery Diseases/etiology , Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Stenosis/etiology , Coronary Disease/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex , Vascular Patency , Vertebral Artery/diagnostic imaging
18.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health ; 79(1): 22-6, 2006 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16047186

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of room temperature on finger blood flow (FBF) change in healthy subjects exposed to short-term grasping of a vibrating handle under different room temperatures. METHODS: FBF was measured using a blood flowmeter in six male subjects on the dorsum of the middle phalanx of third finger in both hands once at the end of every minute for an equal duration of 5 min at pre-exposure, during exposure to grasping of vibrating handle with sinusoidal vibration and after exposure. Vibration was generated with a frequency of 125 Hz and an rms acceleration of 40 m/s(2). Measurements were conducted in four room temperatures of 15+/-1, 20+/-1, 25+/-1 and 30+/-1 degrees C. RESULTS: Compared with the baseline measurements in the exposed hand during grasping of vibrating handle most significant increase in FBF was observed at 15+/-1 degrees C (P<0.001) and least at 30+/-1 degrees C (P<0.05), and after vibration least significant FBF was found at 25+/-1 degrees C (P<0.05). In case of the unexposed hand significant increase in FBF was exhibited at 20+/-1 degrees C (P<0.01) and 30+/-1 degrees C (P<0.01) during vibration, and only at 15+/-1 degrees C (P<0.05) after vibration. CONCLUSIONS: Response in FBF due to grasping of vibrating handle was of different patterns from the baseline measurement under different room temperature conditions in both exposed and unexposed hands and it was influenced by room temperature. Overall, the influence was greater at lower test room temperature, inducing more significant increase in FBF.


Subject(s)
Fingers/blood supply , Hand Strength , Temperature , Vibration , Adult , Environment, Controlled , Flowmeters , Humans , Japan , Male
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...