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1.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis ; 26(3): 171-7, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26708644

ABSTRACT

AIMS: The aim of this paper is to review the possible relationship of restricted phenylalanine (Phe) diet, a diet primarily comprising low-protein foods and Phe-free protein substitutes, with major cardiovascular risk factors (overweight/obesity, blood lipid profile, plasma levels of homocysteine, adiponectin and free asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), oxidative stress and blood pressure) in PKU children. DATA SYNTHESIS: In PKU children compliant with diet, blood total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma ADMA levels and diastolic pressure were reported to be lower and plasma adiponectin levels to be higher compared to healthy controls. No difference was observed in overweight prevalence and in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Inconsistent results were found for plasma homocysteine levels and antioxidant status. CONCLUSIONS: PKU children compliant with diet seem to display non-different cardiovascular risks compared with the healthy population. Well-designed longitudinal studies are required to clarify the potential underlying mechanisms associated with PKU and cardiovascular risk factors.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diet , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Adiponectin/blood , Arginine/analogs & derivatives , Arginine/blood , Blood Pressure , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Child , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Homocysteine/blood , Humans , Oxidative Stress , Pediatric Obesity/blood , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Phenylalanine/administration & dosage , Phenylketonurias/blood , Phenylketonurias/complications , Risk Factors
2.
J Transl Med ; 13: 327, 2015 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26472248

ABSTRACT

A great deal of attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on conception, pregnancy, fetal, and child health. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current evidence regarding short and long-term health effects on child health of parental smoking during pregnancy and lactation and the potential underlying mechanisms. Studies were searched on MEDLINE(®) and Cochrane database inserting, individually and using the Boolean ANDs and ORs, 'pregnancy', 'human lactation', 'fetal growth', 'metabolic outcomes', 'obesity', 'cardiovascular outcomes', 'blood pressure', 'brain development', 'respiratory outcomes', 'maternal or paternal or parental tobacco smoking', 'nicotine'. Publications coming from the reference list of studies were also considered from MEDLINE. All sources were retrieved between 2015-01-03 and 2015-31-05. There is overall consistency in literature about negative effects of fetal and postnatal exposure to parental tobacco smoking on several outcomes: preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, impaired lung function, asthma and wheezing. While maternal smoking during pregnancy plays a major role on adverse postnatal outcomes, it may also cumulate negatively with smoking during lactation and with second-hand smoking exposure. Although this review was not strictly designed as a systematic review and the PRISMA Statement was not fully applied it may benefit the reader with a promptly and friendly readable update of the matter. This review strengthens the need to plan population health policies aimed to implement educational programs to hopefully minimize tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and lactation.


Subject(s)
Lactation , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Smoking/adverse effects , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Adolescent , Asthma/etiology , Brain/abnormalities , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/etiology , Child, Preschool , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Fathers , Female , Fetal Development , Fetal Growth Retardation , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Mothers , Obesity/etiology , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Pregnancy , Respiration Disorders/etiology
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