Comparison of Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy with Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Parameters in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

AIM: This study seeks to evaluate the results of nailfold videocapillaroscopies (NVCs) among patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and their correlation with the choroid and retinal parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group included 152 patients with acute, recurrent, chronic and neovascular CSC (34 F, 118 M, mean age 45.9 ± 8.9) and 41 healthy controls (12 F, 29 M, mean age 47 ± 11.5). The NVC examination, ophthalmoscopy, angio-OCT and OCT were performed. In addition, the medical history regarding chronic general disorders and known risk factors were recorded. RESULTS: Abnormal NVC patterns and the dilated apical part of capillaries were found only in CSC patients (p = 0.000). Neoangiogenesis was observed in 25 acute (58.14%), 22 recurrent (42.31%), 16 chronic (36.36%) and 5 neovascular patients (45.45%) and 2 control subjects (4.88%) (p = 0.000). Glomerular capillaries were found in 8 acute (18.6%), 17 recurrent (31.48%), 25 chronic (56.82%) and 8 neovascular patients (72.73%) (p = 0.000). Meandering capillaries were more common in acute and recurrent CSC and glomerular capillaries were more common in chronic and aneurysmal dilations in neovascular CSC. CONCLUSIONS: The observed digital microcirculation abnormalities in patients with CSC, such as dilation, meandering, tortuosity and glomerular, may confirm systemic micro-vasculopathy. The potential role of the NVC examination in assessing the CSC prognosis requires further evaluation.

The Incidence and Severity of Myopia in the Population of Medical Students and Its Dependence on Various Demographic Factors and Vision Hygiene Habits.

(1) Background: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment. Visual work and usage of electronic devices are known risk factors of myopia. Many education systems were forced to apply online and hybrid teaching methods, to reduce the number of new cases of COVID-19. Medical students are a population well-known for intense visual work in the form of learning; (2) Methods: Visual acuity and refractive error were measured in the population of medical students. Participants also filled out the survey that included their population characteristic and their habits related to the hygiene of vision; (3) Results: We found a correlation between the age of the first diagnosis of myopia and current values of refractive error. The majority of participants believe that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the health of their vision. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students; (4) Conclusions: In the population of medical school students in Eastern Poland, visual acuity was lower than 1.0 in 232 (52.97%) in the right eye and 234 (53.42%) in the left eye. Early recognition of refractive error has influenced its current values. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students. More population-based studies should focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of vision.

Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Its Relationship to Morphological and Functional Findings.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and their correlation with different functional, morphological features and general risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group included 59 CSC patients (14 F, 45 M, mean age 47.2 ± 9.4) and 53 healthy controls (13 F, 40 M, mean age 46 ± 11.5). The NVC was qualified as a normal or abnormal pattern. In the CSC group, the ophthalmoscopy, angio-Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT-A), OCT and microperimetry were performed. The medical history regarding CSC, chronic general disorders and known risk factors was recorded. RESULTS: In the CSC group an abnormal NVC pattern was more common (33.88% CSC vs. 7.54%, p < 0.001). Dilated apical part of capillaries, microaneurysmal dilatation, megacapillaries, fresh microhaemorrhages, bizarre and broken capillaries were observed only in CSC patients. Dilation of capillaries (47.56% vs. 13.21%, p = 0.004), ramified capillaries and neoangiogenesis (38.98% vs. 5.66%, p < 0.001), glomerular loops (32.20% vs. 1.88% p < 0.001) were more frequent in the CSC group. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of various NVC abnormalities confirms microvascular involvement in CSC pathogenesis. The results correlate with visual acuity, microperimetry, OCT data and stress. The NVC technique may play a useful diagnostic and prognostic role in CSC.

Erratum to the article: The implication of ocular manifestation of COVID-19 for medical staff and patients - systematic review.

Erratum to the article: Latalska M, Mackiewicz J. The implication of ocular manifestation of COVID-19 for medical staff and patients - systematic review. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2020;27(2):165-170. doi:10.26444/aaem/122790. The Editors of the journal Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine inform that in the article The implication of ocular manifestation of COVID-19 for medical staff and patients - systematic review by Latalska Malgorzata, Mackiewicz Jerzy (Ann Agric Environ Med. 2020;27(2):165-170. doi:10.26444/aaem/122790), in Table 2, the article by Chen L, Deng C, Chen X et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 534 cases of COVID19 in China: A cross-sectional study. medRxiv 2020 ( doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.12.20034678 ) was incorrectly quoted. The printed version is Chen et al, 2020 [16]. This is incorrect and should be Chen et al, 2020 [29].

The implication of ocular manifestation of COVID-19 for medical staff and patients - systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) is a coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) with mild to severe respiratory illness. It is a highly contagious disease transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces, mainly through respiratory droplets, but other routes are being investigated. OBJECTIVE: It is known that coronaviruses (CoVs) can cause a variety of ocular pathologies in animals, including conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuritis, many of which are severe. However, there is no evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 presence in the eye tissue of asymptomatic patients, even if the symptomatic incidence is low. This systematic review presents updated literature on this issue. ABBREVIATED DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: COVID-19 has now spread throughout the continents and poses a global threat to public health. The risk of rapidly overloading health care systems and causing substantial mortality worldwide is real. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced coronavirus as a global pandemic. Several studies described a few cases with initial ocular symptoms followed by systemic symptoms of the disease. SUMMARY: Although the frequency of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection through the eye is low, ocular symptoms are not uncommon in COVID-19. In some cases, eye symptoms may be the first signs of illness. This implies the need for hygienic recommendations and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for medical staff and other services to minimize COVID-19 infection of both health-care workers and patients. A triage for ophthalmic outpatient clinic is mandatory.

Subthreshold micropulse yellow 577 nm laser therapy of diabetic macular oedema in rural and urban patients of south-eastern Poland.

Objectiv. To evaluate the efficacy of subthreshold micropulse yellow (577 nm) laser photocoagulation in diffuse macular edema (DME) in rural and urban patients of south-eastern Poland. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Seventy-five eyes of 75 patients with diffuse DME were treated with subthreshold micropulse yellow laser photocoagulation with a 5% duty cycle at an energy level. The laser exposure time was 20 ms and the spot diameter was 100 µm. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), reading vision (Snellen) and optical coherence tomography-determined central retinal thickness (CRT) were estimated before and 2, 4 and 6 months after laser treatment. There were no statistically important differences in: the advancement of DME, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) level, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), the degree of vision damage between rural and urban patients. RESULTS: The follow-up was 6 months later. The baseline BCVA was 0.20 and remained stable- 0.3 after 6 months. The Snellen at baseline was 1.0 and improved to 0.5 finally (p=0.0004). The CRT at baseline was 500 µm and changed to 346 µm (p=0.00000) at the final follow-up. Finally, no retinal damage was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Place of residence had no statistically significant effect on the demographics data, baseline visual acuity, reading visual acuity and central retinal thickness. Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser showed a highly significant efficiency in the treatment of DME. The effects of the treatment were more significant in rural patients than in urban ones.

Wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) in rural and urban inhabitants in south-eastern Poland.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the demographic profile of patients from south-eastern Poland treated due to wet age-related macular degeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data concerning 201 patients were analyzed (133 F/ 68 M), aged from 50 -91, (mean age 76 ± 8.6), with the wet form of age-related macular degeneration treated by intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibiting drugs. The significance of the relationships between variables was investigated by means of chi-square test for independence. The differences between the empirical and theoretical sample distribution was examined by means of chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The significance level was set at p=0.05. RESULTS: Analysis did not show any significant differences in the access to treatment with intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors between the rural and urban patients. Urban males and females living in the rural areas received treatment statistically more often (p=0.05). No significant differences were observed with respect to either the waiting time for a visit in a specialist outpatient department, nor the duration of waiting for treatment. Patients from the rural and urban areas presented a similar degree of visual impairment, evidencing the advancement of the pathological process. CONCLUSIONS: Place of residence has no effect on obtaining treatment by patients. The lack of significant differences in treatment between the rural and urban inhabitants may indicate a sufficient level of ophthalmological care in the area of south-eastern Poland. An improvement in the awareness of hazards resulting from inadequate diet and life style could exert a positive effect on the state of health of rural and urban inhabitants. At the same time, knowledge of the disease and risk of blindness related with this disease would increase alertness among rural and urban inhabitants, and in consequence, accelerate an early diagnosis and implementation of an effective treatment.

[Vitreomacular adhesion in HD-OCT images in the age-related macular degeneration]. / Przyleganie okoloplamkowe ciala szklistego w obrazie HD-OCT w przebiegu zwyrodnienia plamki zwiazanego z wiekiem.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate an incidence of the vitreomacular adhesion in patients with age-related macular degeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 472 eyes in 241 patients (136 W/ 105 M) in age of 54-92 years (mean 62.6 years +/- 8.5) with dry or wet age-related macular degeneration using Cirrus HD-OCT (Zeiss) macular cube 512x128 program or 5-line pro-gram. RESULTS: Vitreomacular adhesion was observed in 139 eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration (29.4%, p=0.000*), in 101 eyes with drusen (21.4%, p=0.000*), in 38 eyes with retinal pigment epithelium alterations (8%, p=0.202), in 278 eyes with wet age-related macular degeneration (58.9%, p=0.001*), in 21 eyes with pigment epithelial detachment (4.4%, p=0.303), in 161 eyes with choroidal neovascularzation (34. 1%, p=0.031*/ and in 96 eyes with scar (20.4%, p=0.040*). CONCLUSIONS: Probably, vitreomacular adhesion alone is not able to induce age-related macular degeneration, but it may be associated with choroidal neovascularization development, it can contribute to exudate formation and choroidal neovascularization, it may induces or sustains a chronic low-grade inflammation in the macula region.

Socio-economic conditionings of families with children treated due to scoliosis in Eastern Poland.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Scoliosis is a serious clinical problem which requires a systematic physical therapy and control of body balance--treatment from the moment of achieving skeletal maturity by a child. In the situation of neglect of such a management, the deformation of the spine often requires surgical intervention. The role of parents in the process of treatment of a child is undeniable. The study concerned the determination of socio-economic conditions and the engagement of parents with children treated due to scoliosis in Eastern Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey. The study group consisted of 193 parents (148 females (76.7%) and 45 males (23.3%))--a randomly selected sample of the parents of children who participated in scoliosis rehabilitation courses in rehabilitation centres in Eastern Poland. The significance of the relationships between variables was investigated by means of chi-square test for independence. The differences between the empirical and theoretical sample distribution was examined by means of chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The significance level was set at p=0.05. RESULTS: The study group covered 47.7% of inhabitants of the rural areas and small towns, and 52.3% of inhabitants of medium-size and large cities. Respondents with a higher economic status were more engaged in the treatment of their child with scoliosis. A greater number of parents with university education level reported to a specialist; however the frequency of these visits, similar to incomplete families, was the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: The accessibility to specialists is lower in the rural than urban areas. 1. There is a relationship between the economic standard of the family and engagement in the treatment of a child with scoliosis. 2. There is a need to develop a system of education of parents concerning scoliosis and the consequences of neglecting treatment. 3. The system of public health services is insufficient for satisfying health demands of patients with the diagnosis of scoliosis.

Change of situation of a family with a child treated due to scoliosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Scoliosis is a serious clinical problem which requires a systematic physical therapy and control of body balance - treatment from the moment of achieving skeletal maturity by a child. In the situation of neglect of such a management, the deformation of the spine often requires surgical intervention. The role of parents in the process of treatment of a child is undeniable. The study concerns the determination of socio-economic conditions and the engagement of parents with children treated due to scoliosis in Eastern Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey. The study group consisted of 193 parents (148 females [76.7%] and 45 males [23.3%]) - a randomly selected sample of the parents of children who participated in scoliosis rehabilitation courses in rehabilitation centres in Eastern Poland. The significance of the relationships between variables was investigated by means of chi-square test for independence. The differences between the empirical and theoretical sample distribution was examined by means of chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The significance level was set at p=0.05. RESULTS: The study group covered 47.7% of inhabitants of rural areas and small towns, and 52.3% of inhabitants of medium-size and large cities. Respondents possessing university education provided their children a wider profile of health care; however, they neither supervised exercises at home nor paid attention to the maintenance of the normal body posture. The diagnosis of scoliosis in a child rarely affects the relationship between parents. The engagement of parents into rehabilitation treatment of their children is small. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between social variables and engagement in the treatment of a child with scoliosis. There is a need to create a system of education for parents concerning scoliosis and the consequences of its negligence. The enrolment of a psychologist into the treatment team should be considered, which would provide support for the parents of children suffering from scoliosis.

[Surgical management of suprachoroidal haemorrhages induced by cataract surgery--case series]. / Postepowanie chirurgiczne w krwotokach nadnaczyniówkowych wywolanych operacjq zacmy--seria przypadków.

PURPOSE: Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare complication occurring during surgery (early SCH) or 3-5 days after operation as a delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage. It occurs more often in patients who have complicated cataract surgery with vitreous loss or lens dislocation. The purpose of this study was to present surgical treatment of 7 patients with suprachoroidal hemorrhage due to cataract surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mean age of patients was 72,4 years old. There were 3 female and 4 male. Six patients were operated using phacoemulsification, one patient- using ECCE. In 3 cases the vitreous loss and lens dislocation occurred during operation. RESULTS: Suprachoroidal drainage was performed in 4 patients. In 3 patients suprachoroidal drainage was followed by vitrectomy. In this group in 2 patients injection of silicone oil was done. Anterior infusion line was used in all cases. Drainage sclerotomies were created in the quadrants of the involved SCH, confirmed by ultrasonography. In all treated patients reattachment of the choroid was obtained. The visual acuity improved significantly (final v. a. was between 0. 02 and 0. 5). CONCLUSIONS: According to our observation, the implementation of the suprachoroidal drainage combined with vitrectomy might improve the prognosis and facilitate the achievement of functional vision.

[Application of polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) in diagnosis of endophthalmitis]. / Zastosowanie metody lancuchowej reakcji polimerazy (PCR) w diagnostyce zakazen wnetrza galki ocznej.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study is to determine the usefulness of the PCR method in the diagnosis of endophthalmitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 clinical specimens 18 AH and 12 VF were obtained from 20 eyes with the clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis. These included: 14 cases after cataract surgery, 1 case post trabeculectomy, 2 cases after penetrating traumas, and 3 cases after endogenous endophthalmitis. The same samples were analysed using 2 different methods: 1. conventional microbiological techniques (microscopy and diagnostic culture) and 2. PCR directed at 16S rDNA using universal primers. RESULTS: In the aqueous humor the causative pathogen was identified in one case (5.2%) by using diagnostic culture compared with seven cases (39%) by using PCR methods. In the vitreous samples the pathogen was identified in one case (9%) by using conventional method compared with five cases (50%) by using PCR. Microscopic preparation was difficult to evaluate in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: PCR performed on aqueous humor and vitreous fluid is a reliable tool for diagnosis of causative organism particularly in smear and culture negative specimens. By using universal primers we are able to detect the presence of pathogen in case of endophthalmitis and than potentially by using DNA probe hybridization to determine the species of the bacteria. The discrimination between infection or non-infection endophthalmitis plays the main role in a succesful therapy.

[Identification of bacterial flora of conjunctival sac in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children]. / Identyfikacja flory bakteryjnej spojówek towarzyszqcej wrodzonej niedroznosci przewodu nosowo-lzowego u dzieci.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the species of the microorganisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pus secretion after lacrimal sac massage was obtained from 81 children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The laboratory diagnostics was performed using typical microbiological procedures. The modification of these procedures was 24-hour pre-incubation in sugar boullion. RESULTS: The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus epidermidis (28%) and Staphylococcus aureus (22%). The isolated staphylococci (only coagulase-negative species MRSE) were resistant to methicillin in 2 cases. Streptococci were obtained in 20% isolations: Streptococcus pneumoniae (14%), Streptococcus viridans (6%). Gram-negative bacilli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Moraxella spp. and Candida albicans were isolated in a few cases. Negative results of the cultures were obtained in 25% cases. CONCLUSIONS: The microorganisms typically constituting physiological flora of conjunctival sac may become the pathogens in the complications of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children.

[Antiphospholipid syndrome and changes in the eye]. / Zespót antyfosfolipidowy a zmiany w narzadzie wzroku.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the most often secondary thrombophilic state, characterized by recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies. Ophthalmologic features are present in 15-88% of the patient with primary APS. In this article pathogenesis and clinical picture, especially ocular complications are presented.

[Nitric oxide level in aqueous humor in patients with glaucoma]. / Poziom tlenku azotu w cieczy wodnistej u pacjentów z jaskra.

PURPOSE: There is increasing evidence suggesting, that nitric oxide may be implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The aim of the study was to evaluate nitric oxide level in aqueous humor of glaucoma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group was constituted by 26 persons (13 women and 13 men), aged 60-86 (mean age 70) suffering from glaucoma. In 14 patients glaucoma was classified as POAG and in 12 as PACG. All patients have undergone trabeculectomia. The 14 patients was operated because of age-related cataract (8 women and 6 men), aged 47-82 (mean age 65), constituted a control group. All patients agreed to samples collection. Level of nitric oxide in anterior chamber fluid was assessed using commercial kits based on Griess reaction (R&D) according to manufacturer's instruction. Statistical analysis was performed using U Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The mean level of nitric oxide in aqueous humor was not significantly different between glaucoma and cataract group (p=0.535). The level of NO in humor aqueous was statistically significantly lower in patients with primary open angle glaucoma than in patients with primary angle closure (p=0.022), and than in control group (p=0.053). No statistically significant differences in the level of nitric oxide in humor aqueous between PACG and cataract patients were observed (p=0.365).

[Antibodies to beta-2 glycoprotein I in serum and aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma and their influence on the static perimetry]. / Poziom przeciwcial skierowanych przeciwko beta-2 glikoproteinie I w surowicy i cieczy wodnistej pacjentów z jaskra i ich wplyw na wystepowanie zmian w perymetrii statycznej.

PURPOSE: The evaluation of the relationships between the antibodies anti beta-2 glycoprotein I in serum and aqueous humor of the glaucoma patients to the visual field defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 48 persons (38 women and 17 men), aged 30-86 (mean age 70), suffering from glaucoma was examined. There were 19 with POAG, 18 with PACG and 11 with PEXG. All patients have undergone trabeculectomy. In plasma and anterior chamber fluid the level of antibodies to beta-2 glycoprotein I classes IgA and IgG were measured using ELISA method (commercial kits produced by Euroimmun), according to producer's instruction. The visual field defects were examined with Humphrey static perimetry. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman test. RESULTS: There were no significant correlations between antibodies anti beta-2 glycoprotein I, static perimetry, age and duration of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: There have not been stated any relationships between the static perimetry to antiphospholipid antibodies level in serum and aqueous humor in patients with glaucoma. It is the preliminary communication.

[Serum and aqueous humor antibodies to beta-2 glycoprotein I in patients with glaucoma and cataract]. / Przeciwciala przeciwko beta-2 glikoproteinie I w surowicy i cieczy wodnistej chorych na jaskre i zacme.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the serum and aqueous humor antibodies to beta-2 glycoprotein I in patients with glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 48 persons (38 women and 17 men), aged 30-86 (mean age 70), suffering from glaucoma was examined. There were 19 with POAG, 18 with PACG and 11 with PEXG. All patients have undergone trabeculectomy. The group of 20 operated patients, because of age-related cataracta (7 men and 13 women), aged 47-82 (mean age 65), constituted a control group. All patients agreed with samples collection. In plasma and anterior chamber fluid, the level of antibodies to b-2 glycoprotein I classes IgA and IgG were measured using ELISA method (commercial kits produced by Euroimmun), according to producer's instruction. Statistical analysis was performed using U Mann-Whitney test when both groups were compared and Spearman test to comparisons concerning single group. RESULTS: Significant changes between glaucoma and cataract patients were observed in anti-b-2 glycoprotein I antibodies class IgA in aqueous humour (p=0.04) and in serum (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the immunological pathogenesis in the glaucomatous nerve damage can be curtailed or even prevented with the use of proper agents. Indeed, there are many intriguing new therapeutic possibilities on the horizon. To determine the clinical potential of serum antibodies in glaucoma patients, a randomized clinical trial would be necessary. It is the preliminary communication.

[Levels of antiphospholipid antibodies in the serum and aqueous humor of glaucoma patients]. / Poziom przeciwcial antyfosfolipidowych w surowicy i cieczy wodnistej pacjentów z jaskra.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of antiphospholipid antibodies in the serum and aqueous humor in patients with glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 48 persons (38 women and 17 men), aged 30-86 (mean age 70), suffering from glaucoma was examined. There were 19 with POAG, 18 with PACG and 11 with PEXG. All patients have undergone trabeculectomia. The group of 20 operated, because of age-related cataracta patients (7 men and 13 women), aged 47-82 (mean age 65) constituted a control group. All patients agreed to samples collection. In plasma and anterior chamber fluid the level of antiphospholipids antibodies classes IgM and IgG were measured, using ELISA method (commercial kits produced by Euroimmun) according to producent's instruction. Statistical analysis was performed using U Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The mean values of antiphospholipids in both group are put in the table. The significant differences between glaucoma and no-glaucoma patients were observed in levels of IgG in serum (p=0.014) and in levels of IgM antibodies in aqueous humor (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies in aqueous humor and serum may be a risk factor in progression of glaucomatous neuropathy.

[Evaluations of ophthalmological care expectation in the opinion of countryside dwellers in the example of the Wola Uhruska region]. / Ocena potrzeb zdrowotnych w zakresie narzadu wzroku i ich realizacji w opinii mieszkanców terenów wiejskich na przykladzie gminy Wola Uhruska.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was the evaluations of ophthalmological care expectation in opinion of countryside inhabitants and their knowledge of eye diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis was performed based on the results of a survey, which covered 198 rural inhabitants living in Wola Uhruska region. The study was carried out during training arranged by Medical University of Lublin in July 2002. RESULTS: The obtained material was analysed and presented in the form of diagrams and written report. The results of the study showed, that 77% of patients was dissatisfied with the ophthalmologic health care access, despite, that the nearest ophthalmologic practice was in the distance of 30 km. Unfortunately, only 25% of persons could indicate the cause of their eye problems. It is important, to provide more information of eye condition for all patients.