ABSTRACT
Converging lines of evidence implicate the beta-amyloid peptide (Ass) as causative in Alzheimer's disease. We describe a novel class of compounds that reduce A beta production by functionally inhibiting gamma-secretase, the activity responsible for the carboxy-terminal cleavage required for A beta production. These molecules are active in both 293 HEK cells and neuronal cultures, and exert their effect upon A beta production without affecting protein secretion, most notably in the secreted forms of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Oral administration of one of these compounds, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, to mice transgenic for human APP(V717F) reduces brain levels of Ass in a dose-dependent manner within 3 h. These studies represent the first demonstration of a reduction of brain A beta in vivo. Development of such novel functional gamma-secretase inhibitors will enable a clinical examination of the A beta hypothesis that Ass peptide drives the neuropathology observed in Alzheimer's disease.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Dipeptides/administration & dosage , Endopeptidases/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases , Brain/cytology , Brain/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Endopeptidases/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Injections, Subcutaneous , Kidney/cytology , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolismABSTRACT
Several recent advances have provided new insights and possibilities in defining therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. Of particular importance is the identification of the beta-secretase enzyme and the demonstration that immunization of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with Abeta(1-42) peptide can prevent or alleviate neuropathological features of the disease.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Alzheimer Disease/enzymology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases , Amyloid beta-Peptides/immunology , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Endopeptidases , Humans , Immunization , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Molecular Structure , Peptide Fragments/immunology , Plaque, Amyloid/metabolismABSTRACT
The successful reconstitution of rhodopsin, the rod outer segment (ROS) G protein, and the ROS phosphodiesterase (PDE) into partially polymerized bilayer membranes is described. Purified bovine rhodopsin (Rh) was inserted into performed partially polymerized lipid vesicles. Sonicated vesicles composed of approximately equal moles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) (or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine) and 1,2-bis(octadeca-2,4-dienoyl)phosphatidylcholine (DENPC) were photolyzed with 254-nm light to polymerize the DENPC and form domains of DOPC and polyDENPC in the vesicle wall. Rh-octyl glucoside (OG) micelles were slowly added to the vesicle suspension to give 15 mM OG (below the OG critical micelle concentration). The suspension was incubated and then dialyzed and purified on a sucrose gradient. Ultracentrifugation revealed a major Rh-lipid band which was harvested and found to contain a 100 +/- 10 phosphatidylcholine to rhodopsin ratio (Rh-polyDENPC/DOPC). The orientation of Rh in the membrane was determined by limited proteolytic digestion of Rh and by competitive inhibition of monoclonal antibody binding to solubilized disk membranes. Results were compared with control membranes of Rh-DOPC (1:43) prepared by insertion and Rh-phospholipid membranes prepared by detergent dialysis. Visual inspection of thermolysin proteolytic patterns of Rh indicates one major population cleaved at the carboxy terminus, as is found in disk membranes with an asymmetric arrangement of Rh. In contrast, proteolysis of a Rh-egg PC/PE (1:50/50) membrane (detergent dialysis) produced two Rh populations, which indicates a symmetric arrangement of Rh. The Rh-polyDENPC/DOPC (1:100) membranes were allowed to compete with solubilized, immobilized disk membranes for the monoclonal antibody R2-15 (specific for the amino-terminal region of Rh). They were intermediate between the asymmetric ROS disk membranes and the symmetric dialysis membranes in their ability to bind the R2-15 monoclonal antibody. The data indicate approximately 80% of the Rh's in Rh-polyDENPC/DOPC are in the normal orientation found in disks. These Rh-containing polymerized bilayer membranes demonstrated functionality as determined by chemical regeneration, kinetic spectrophotometry, and cGMP cascade reconstitution experiments. In the latter experiments the peripheral proteins, ROS G protein and PDE, bound with comparable efficiency to both the polymerized PC bilayers and egg PC bilayers. Thus the biocompatibility of the phosphatidylcholine membrane surface was maintained after polymerization of DENPC.
