Complementary feeding: study on prevalence of food intake in two health centers of São Paulo city.

The infant feeding practices in the first year of life are of fundamental importance for their growth and development. This study was carried out aiming at checking on the prevalence of food intake by the infants during their first year of life. One-hundred-and-seventy-five children aged up to one year, attended to in two Health Centers of São Paulo city, Brazil, participated in this study. Their feeding practices, obtained through the status quo approach, were analyzed through multiple logistic regression models, using curves of prevalence for complementary food consumption. Fruit was the first solid food to be part of the infant diet, followed by vegetables, cereal, meat and/or eggs and, beans. Animal-protein-containing source foods (meat and eggs) entered the diet much later, being consumed by practically all children only at the end of their first year of life. The early introduction of complementary foods into the infant diet was made evident. The introduction of solid foods to complement breastfeeding is started with low-calorie density foods, in disagreement with the recommendations for Brazilian children. Results of this paper disclose a need for having programmatic actions in health education being carried out, in special those regarding exclusive breastfeeding promotion and orientation on the adequate introduction of complementary feeding.

Effects of environmental and organizational factors on the health of shiftworkers of a printing company.

This study explored the effects of environmental and organizational stressors on the health of shiftworkers in a printing company (n = 124). A questionnaire was used to gather data on work history, organizational factors, psychosocial characteristics, medical history, present health, occupational and non-occupational exposures, and lifestyle factors. The perception of environmental and organizational conditions was associated (P < 0.05) with chronic back pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.29), varicose veins (OR, 1.35), allergic rhinitis (OR, 1.27), depression (OR, 1.45), and gastritis (OR, 1.15). Anxiety scores were associated with allergic rhinitis (OR, 1.14) and skin allergy (OR, 1.09). Shiftwork was a significantly risk factor for conjunctivitis (OR, 3.68), depression (OR, 0.23), cardiac arrhythmia (OR, 7.13), and gastritis (OR, 4.38). Other associations included tenure and chronic back pain (OR, 4.89), toluene exposure and skin allergy (OR, 3.76), worksite and conjunctivitis (OR, 7.0), and worksite and dermatitis (OR, 1.24 to 4.95). The number of hours of exercise per week was associated with varicose veins (OR, 4.33), and alcohol intake was associated with cardiac arrhythmia (OR, 6.74).

Lipid profile of nutrition students and its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lipid profile and to verify its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in students at a public university in São Paulo. METHODS: After obtaining clinical, anthropomorphic, and lipid profile data from 118 students, variables of the lipid profile were related to other risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the students was 20.3 years (SD = 1.5). The risk of cardiovascular disease was characterized by a positive family history of ischemic heart disease in 38.9%; sedentariness in 35.6%; limiting and increased total and LDL-C cholesterol levels in 17.7% and 10.2%, respectively; decreased HDL-C levels in 11.1%; increased triglyceride levels in 11.1%; body mass index > 25 in 8.5%, and smoking in 6.7% of the subjects. Students' diet was found to be inadequate regarding protein, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and fiber contents. A statistically significant association between cholesterol and contraceptive use, between HDL-C and contraceptive use, age and percent body fat, and triglycerides and percent lean weight was observed. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of some risk factors of cardiovascular disease as well as the association between these factors with altered lipid profiles was observed in the young population studied.

[Severity of dental caries in children and relationship with social and behavioral aspects]. / Severidade de cárie em crianças e relação com aspectos sociais e comportamentais.

OBJECTIVE: To identify social and behavioral conditions that could act as risk factors to the severity of dental caries in 12-year-old children. METHODS: Based on the oral health survey data obtained in Florianópolis, Brazil, in 1995, social and behavior conditions were compared between two 12-year-old children groups with dental caries with different severity: high and very high severity, and very low severity. In the interview, there were questions about each family were part of the interview, besides social-economic conditions and behavior aspects. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for dental caries with high severity were candy intake and family income. Children who consumes cariogenic products 2 or 3 times a day on a daily basis has 4.41 more chance of having dental caries with high severity when compared to children who consumes these same products only once a day - CI (OR) = [1.18; 16.43] ). Family income was the most important socialeconomic factor. Children whose family income is lower than five minimum wages has 4.18 more chance of having high severity dental caries when compared to children whose family income is higher than five minimum wages - CI (OR) = [1.16; 15.03]. The purpose of this study was to have a a better knowledge of dental caries occurrence in 12-year-old children who, in most cases, have a complete permanent dentition that showed the illness history.

[Accidents and acts of violence in Brazil: I--Analysis of mortality data]. / I--análise dos dados de mortalidade.

External causes are an important cause of death in almost all countries. They are always the second or third in the mortality ranking, but their distribution according to type varies from country to country. Mortality due to external causes by type, gender and age, for Brazil as a whole and for state capitals specifically, is analysed. Mortality rates and the proportional mortality from 1977 to 1994 were calculated. The results showed that the number of deaths due to external causes has almost doubled from 1977 to 1994 and nowadays this is the second cause of death in Brazil. The mortality rate, in 1991, was 69.8 per 100,000 inhabitants and the highest increase was in the male rates. The male rates are almost 4.5 times greater than the female ones. The first cause of death among people from 5 to 39 years old is external causes, and the majority occur between 15 and 19 years of age (65% of the deaths by external causes). Besides the growth in itself it also seems that a shift of deaths to hower ages is occurring. Both mortality by traffic accidents and that by homicide have increased over the period from 1977 to 1994. Suicides have been stable and "other external causes" have increased slowly, especially due to falls and drowning. The mortality rates for external causes in state capitals are higher than the average for Brazil as a whole, except for some northeastern capitals. The rates for the capitals in the northern region are the highest in Brazil. In the northeastern region, only Recife, Maceió and Salvador have high rates. In the southeast, Vitória, Rio de Janeiro and S. Paulo have the highest rates in the country but Belo Horizonte's rates are declining. In the southern region all the capitals showed a growth in the rates as also in the capitals of the West-central region. The growth of mortality due to external causes type of external cause is different in these capitals. Suicide is not a public health problem in Brazil nor the state capitals. Traffic accidents are a major problem in Vitória, Goiânia, Macapá, the Distrito Federal and Curitiba. Homicides have increased greatly in Porto Velho, Rio Branco, Recife, S. Luís, Vitória, S. Paulo, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Cuiabá and the Distrito Federal. The mortality due to external causes in Brazil has become a major public health problem, especially because of homicides. It is important to emphasize that the quality of the mortality data on external causes is not the same for all capitals, because it is a question very closely related to the quality of legal information.

[Clinical-epidemiologic indications for echocardiographic assessment in the neonatal period. Value of risk groups]. / Indicações clínico-epidemiológicas para investigação ecocardiográfica no período neonatal. Valor dos grupos de risco.

PURPOSE: An echocardiographic study was performed in newborns from risk groups, with the aim of to determining prevalence and to evaluate the indications for this test in the neonatal period. METHODS: One hundred fifty six newborns were studied. They were admitted to the Newborn ward of the Department of Obstetric of the HC-FMUSP, in the period of November 91 to April 93, from mothers with congenital heart disease or diabetes, low birth weight newborns, with extracardiac malformations, cardiac signs and/or congenital infections. RESULTS: The observed prevalence was 21.8%, greater than that of the general population (0.8-1.2%). The group composed by 27 children with extracardiac abnormalities presented the largest prevalence when compared with the other groups (40.7%). These data justify the use of echocardiography in high risk newborns for the detection of congenital heart disease.

[An information system on live births and the use of its data in epidemiology and health statistics]. / Avaliação do sistema de informação sobre nascidos vivos e o uso de seus dados em epidemiologia e estatísticas de saúde.

The Brazilian Ministry of Health implemented, in 1990, a System of Information of Live Births (SINASC) which introduced a Birth Certificate with a view to obtaining the total number of these events and their distribution according to epidemiological, demographic and clinical characteristics. It was decided to evaluate the System according to its coverage and the quality of information obtained, two years after its initial implementation. The population of this study consists of 15,142 hospital live births which occurred in five cities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1992. Birth Certificates and the corresponding maternal and child hospital records were examined visually with a view to checking data recorded on the Birth Certificate. It was seen that the system achieved a high degree of completeness (99.5%) and obtained a very accurate report for most of the items, though rather poor reporting for Apgar Score, length of gestation, mother's schooling, parity and father's name. This study allows suggestions to be made for the reformulation of some items and regarding the necessity for retraining the hospital personnel involved in the filling in of the certificates. Overall this study confirms that the Birth Certificate data are adequate for a valid analysis of aspects of maternal and child health research. The data showed high percentages of adolescent mothers (17.5%) and deliveries by cesarian section (48.4%). The percentage of low birth weight was 8.5%.

[Lipid profile of metallurgic industry employees and its relationship with other risk factors]. / Perfil lipídico de funcionários de indústria metalúrgica e sua relação com outros fatores de risco.

PURPOSE: To study the lipid profile and its relation with other risk factors for coronary heart disease in a population of metallurgic workers in São Bernardo do Campo, SP. METHODS: In 1966 employees were determined: lipid profile after 12h fasting, height and weight and they answered a questionnaire about other risk factors. Diabetic and hypertensive were excluded, remaining 1586 cases, 1384 males, mean age 34. The variables of the lipid profile were related with other risk factors (sex, age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity at work and at leisure time) and alcohol intake. RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty people (36.6%) had total cholesterol > 200mg/dl, 104 (6.4%) triglycerides > 250mg/dl, 273 (17.2%) HDL-cholesterol < 35mg/dl and 579 (36.9%) LDL-cholesterol > 130mg/dl, levels considered ideals for the different lipid variables. The different relations between lipid levels and the other variable analysed: age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity at work and leisure time were described. CONCLUSION: The frequency of lipid abnormalities is high in the assessed population. For primary prevention, a strategy has to be taken to modify this picture.

[Myocardial infarct and cerebral vascular disorders associated with high temperature and carbon monoxide in a metropolitan area of southeastern Brazil]. / Infarto do miocárdio e acidente vascular cerebral associados à alta temperatura e monóxido de carbono em área metropolitana do sudeste do Brasil.

Many studies have been published about the relationship between life style and genetic risk factors and stroke and heart attack, but there have been few about the relationship between atmospheric pollution, specifically with carbon monoxide, and temperature and stroke and heart attack. With a view to filling this gap the relationship between values of carbon monoxide concentration in the air, maximum and average by day, and maximum temperature by day and the number of new cases of CVA and IM admitted as emergencies at the biggest hospital complex of S. Paulo city was analysed. If was concluded, by the use of multivariable regression analysis, that 2.1% and 4.9% of heart attack admissions were due to carbon monoxide air pollution and high temperature, respectively. 2.8% of stroke admissions were due high temperature. Stroke and carbon monoxide were not associated in this population.

[Prevalence of obesity in a locality of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1987]. / Prevalência de obesidade em localidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1987.

The prevalence of obesity in Araraquara, a county of 150,000 inhabitants situated 250 km from S. Paulo, Brazil was studied. The study population, of 18-74 yrs. of age, resident in the urban area in 1987, was composed of 1,126 inhabitants, 502 males and 624 females, selected through a cluster equiprobabilistic sampling process. The prevalence of overweight (Quetelet 25-29.9 Kg/m2) was 26.9% for males and 27.7% for females. The prevalence of obesity (Quetelet equal or greater than 30.0 kg/m2) was 10.2% for males and 14.7% for females. These percentages are high when compared with those of affluent Anglo-saxon countries. The reasons for this phenomenon are discussed in the light of the fact that the economy of the city is affluent and is dependent on agroindustrial activities. When own cut-off criteria (P85 and P95 for Quetelet for 20-29 yrs of age, for each sex) are calculated, the "lean pattern" for Araraquara County is leaner than that for the a United States population. This raises doubts as to the possibility of applying cut-off criteria of particular regions to regions of different characteristics.