Assessing the Impact of Overactive Bladder Medications on Cognition.

IMPORTANCE: Emerging literature has associated the use of anticholinergic medications to cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of overactive bladder medications on cognitive function with prospective longitudinal cognitive assessments. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based cohort of individuals 50 years and older who had serial validated cognitive assessment, in accordance with the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, was evaluated from October 2004 through December 2021. Anticholinergic overactive bladder medications were grouped by traditional anticholinergic medications and central nervous system (CNS)- sparing anticholinergic medications and compared to no medication exposure. A linear mixed effects model with time-dependent exposures evaluated the association between overactive bladder anticholinergic medication exposure and subsequent trajectories of cognitive z-scores. RESULTS: We included 5,872 participants with a median follow-up of 6.4 years. Four hundred forty-three were exposed to traditional anticholinergic medications, 60 to CNS-sparing medications, and 5,369 had no exposure. On multivariable analyses, exposure to any anticholinergic overactive bladder medication was significantly associated with deterioration in longitudinal cognitive scores in the language and attention assessments compared to the control cohort. Traditional anticholinergic medication exposure was associated with worse attention scores than nonexposed participants. Exposure to CNS-sparing anticholinergic medications was associated with a deterioration in the language domain compared to those unexposed. Among women, traditional anticholinergic medication exposure was associated with worse global and visuospatial scores than nonexposed participants, but this association was not identified in the CNS-sparing group. CONCLUSION: Exposure to anticholinergic overactive bladder medications was associated with small but significantly worse decline in cognitive scoring in the language and attention domains when compared to nonexposed individuals.

Prediction of Progression in Barrett's Esophagus Using a Tissue Systems Pathology Test: A Pooled Analysis of International Multicenter Studies.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Prediction of progression risk in Barrett's esophagus (BE) may enable personalized management. We aimed to assess the adjunct value of a tissue systems pathology test (TissueCypher) performed on paraffin-embedded biopsy tissue, when added to expert pathology review in predicting incident progression, pooling individual patient-level data from multiple international studies METHODS: Demographics, clinical features, the TissueCypher risk class/score, and progression status were analyzed. Conditional logistical regression analysis was used to develop multivariable models predicting incident progression with and without the TissueCypher risk class (low, intermediate, high). Concordance (c-) statistics were calculated and compared with likelihood ratio tests to assess predictive ability of models. A risk prediction calculator integrating clinical variables and TissueCypher risk class was also developed. RESULTS: Data from 552 patients with baseline no (n = 472), indefinite (n = 32), or low-grade dysplasia (n = 48) (comprising 152 incident progressors and 400 non-progressors) were analyzed. A high-risk test class independently predicted increased risk of progression to high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-12.0), along with expert confirmed low-grade dysplasia (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.2). Model prediction of progression with the TissueCypher risk class incorporated was significantly superior than without, in the whole cohort (c-statistic 0.75 vs 0.68; P < .0001) and the nondysplastic BE subset (c-statistic 0.72 vs 0.63; P < .0001). Sensitivity and specificity of the high risk TissueCypher class were 38% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An objective tissue systems pathology test high-risk class is a strong independent predictor of incident progression in patients with BE, substantially improving progression risk prediction over clinical variables alone. Although test specificity was high, sensitivity was modest.

A comparison of artificial urinary sphincter outcomes after primary implantation and first revision surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the gold standard for severe male stress urinary incontinence, though evaluations of specific predictors for device outcomes are sparse. We sought to compare outcomes between primary and revision AUS surgery for non-infectious failures. METHODS: We identified 2045 consecutive AUS surgeries at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) from 1983 to 2013. Of these, 1079 were primary AUS implantations and 281 were initial revision surgeries, which comprised our study group. Device survival rates, including overall and specific rates for device infection/erosion, urethral atrophy and mechanical failure, were compared between primary AUS placements versus revision surgeries. Patient follow-up was obtained through office examination, written correspondence, or telephone correspondence. RESULTS: During the study period, 1079 (79.3%) patients had a primary AUS placement and 281 (20.7%) patients underwent a first revision surgery for mechanical failure or urethral atrophy. Patients undergoing revision surgery were found to have adverse 1- and 5-year AUS device survival on Kaplan-Meier analysis, 90% vs. 85% and 74% vs. 61%, respectively (p<0.001). Specifically, revision surgery was associated with a significantly increased cumulative incidence of explantation for device infection/urethral erosion (4.2% vs. 7.5% at 1 year; p=0.02), with similar rates of repeat surgery for mechanical failure (p=0.43) and urethral atrophy (p=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a significantly higher rate of overall device failure following revision AUS surgery, which is likely secondary to an increased rate of infection/urethral erosion events.