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1.
BJU Int ; 128(4): 440-450, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33991045

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged ≥16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries. RESULTS: Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3-34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1-30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77-1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80-1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32-2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90-4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14-1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30-3.18; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer.


Subject(s)
Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ureteral Neoplasms/diagnosis , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Female , Hematuria/etiology , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/complications , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Referral and Consultation , Ureteral Neoplasms/complications , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications
2.
J Sex Med ; 10(5): 1251-8, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22613781

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the effect angiotensin II (Ang II), a corpus cavernosal smooth muscle (CCSM) constrictor peptide, has on tissue taken from rabbits following chronic partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO), as this model is characterized by an increase in corpus cavernosal collagen deposition and a marked reduction and impaired relaxation of CCSM cells. AIM: To determine the interaction between Ang II and nitric oxide (NO) and the development of oxidative stress (OS) in a rabbit model of chronic PBOO. METHODS: Corpus cavernosal tissue was obtained from 12 sham-operated and 20 PBOO rabbits. Organ bath studies determined Ang II/NO interaction on CCSM function using losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist), sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor), electrical field stimulation (EFS), and vardenafil (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor). The role of OS in the Ang II response was also determined using diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide production and superoxide dismutase (SOD, the enzyme that accelerates the breakdown of superoxide). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Action of Ang II and AT1 receptor antagonist, as well as SOD and DPI on CCSM function. RESULTS: Ang II caused a dose-dependent contraction of CCSM strips that was enhanced in PBOO rabbits and inhibited by losartan, DPI, and SOD. CCSM relaxation induced by SNP/EFS was impaired in this model and improved by vardenafil and losartan. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that the increased Ang II contractile response is a pathological consequence of PBOO and that AT1 receptor inhibition may be a therapeutic approach to treat ED associated with PBOO.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II/physiology , Erectile Dysfunction/physiopathology , Muscle, Smooth/physiology , Oxidative Stress , Penis/physiology , Angiotensin II/pharmacology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Electric Stimulation , Erectile Dysfunction/metabolism , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Male , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Penis/drug effects , Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Piperazines/pharmacology , Rabbits , Sulfones/pharmacology , Triazines/pharmacology , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/physiopathology , Vardenafil Dihydrochloride
4.
Urol Int ; 79(3): 255-61, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17940359

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) can cause contraction in cavernosal smooth muscle. We further evaluated this effect of 5-HT. METHODS: Organ bath studies were used. RESULTS: 5-HT induced a sustained contraction occasionally accompanied by a transient relaxation (in 30% of rabbit cavernosal tissues) that preceded the contraction. Ondansetron and Y-25130 (both 5-HT3 receptor antagonists) but not SB-269970 (a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited or abolished this transient relaxation. Doxazosin (dox, an alpha1-receptor antagonist) and ketanserin (ketan, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited or abolished the sustained contraction. The effects of dox on 5-HT-mediated contraction were concentration-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings further confirm that the peripheral serotonergic pathway may play a part in the erectile process via 5-HT2A receptor-mediated contractile and 5-HT3 receptor-mediated relaxant activities. Our results also support the findings of human studies, which suggest that both ketan and dox may exert beneficial effects on the erectile process.


Subject(s)
Muscle Contraction , Muscle Relaxation , Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Penile Erection , Penis/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/enzymology , Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Penile Erection/drug effects , Penis/drug effects , Penis/enzymology , Rabbits , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
5.
Asian J Androl ; 9(1): 8-15, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16888683

ABSTRACT

Current available treatment options for erectile dysfunction (ED) are effective but not without failure and/or side effects. Although the development of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (i.e. sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil) has revolutionized the treatment of ED, these oral medications require on-demand access and are not as effective in treating ED related to diabetic, post-prostatectomy and severe veno-occlusive disease states. Improvement in the treatment of ED is dependent on understanding the regulation of human corporal smooth muscle tone and on the identification of relevant molecular targets. Future ED therapies might consider the application of molecular technologies such as gene therapy. As a potential therapeutic tool, gene therapy might provide an effective and specific means for altering intracavernous pressure "on demand" without affecting resting penile function. However, the safety of gene therapy remains a major hurdle to overcome before being accepted as a mainstream treatment for ED. Gene therapy aims to cure the underlying conditions in ED, including fibrosis. Furthermore, gene therapy might help prolong the efficacy of the PDE5 inhibitors by improving penile nitric oxide bioactivity. It is feasible to apply gene therapy to the penis because of its location and accessibility, low penile circulatory flow in the flaccid state and the presence of endothelial lined (lacunar) spaces. This review provides a brief insight of the current role of gene therapy in the management of ED.


Subject(s)
Erectile Dysfunction/genetics , Erectile Dysfunction/therapy , Genetic Therapy , 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 , Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy , Gene Transfer Techniques , Genetic Therapy/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use
6.
J Androl ; 27(5): 679-85, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16728720

ABSTRACT

Penile erection results from the balance between relaxation and contractile mechanisms of the corpus cavernosum. Only a few studies suggest a role for endogenous contractile agents such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Our aim was to confirm the possible role of 5-HT in human erection. The effect of 5-HT on human cavernosal tissues, as well as those of doxazosin (shown previously to have 5-HT inhibitory action), ketanserin (5-HT (2A) receptor antagonist), NAN-190 (5-HT (1A) receptor antagonist), and SB 203186 (5-HT (4) receptor antagonist) on 5-HT-mediated effects, were assessed using the organ bath technique, including electrical field stimulation study (EFS). Results are presented as median (mg/mg = mg contraction/mg of tissue). Consistent 5-HT-mediated (10(-3) M) contractions were demonstrated (n = 18; 63 mg/mg). These contractions were inhibited with ketanserin by 90% (n = 8), NAN-190 by 68% (n = 12), and SB 203186 by 55% (n = 12). Doxazosin showed a similar 5-HT inhibitory action in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-4) M; 94% reduction; n = 8, 10(-6) M; 68.3% reduction; n = 8). Our EFS studies indicated the presence of neuronally derived 5-HT and that a majority of the nonnoradrenogenic contraction (54%) was mediated via 5-HT(2A) receptors. These findings suggest that 5-HT may play a role in the human detumescence process via 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(4) receptors. Neuronally released 5-HT is probably an important contractile neurotransmitter in the erectile process. Doxazosin, ketanserin, and 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(4) receptor antagonists may be useful as part of combination therapy used to treat erectile dysfunction.


Subject(s)
Doxazosin/pharmacology , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Penis/physiology , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology , Serotonin/physiology , Adult , Atropine/pharmacology , Electric Stimulation , Guanethidine/pharmacology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Indoles/pharmacology , Ketanserin/pharmacology , Male , Middle Aged , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology , Penile Erection/drug effects , Penis/drug effects , Piperazines/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology
7.
Curr Vasc Pharmacol ; 4(2): 89-93, 2006 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16611151

ABSTRACT

The oral phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have made a valuable contribution to the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). PDE5 inhibitors enhance cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilatation and penile erection. However, PDE5 inhibitors are not always effective. Decreased efficacy, cost, incorrect administration, lack of sexual stimulation, vascular risk factors associated with ED and vascular or neurogenic diseases are causes of PDE5 inhibitor failure. Tachyphylaxis may also occur. This is defined as reduced tissue responsiveness to a drug in the presence of a constant concentration of this drug. Treatment failure may cause considerable distress. If dose titration, more attempts and continuous dosing of PDE5 inhibitors (taken on a daily basis) fail to resolve the initial PDE5 inhibitor failure, clinicians need to consider alternative treatments. These include sublingual apomorphine, intracavernosal/intraurethral pharmacotherapy, vacuum devices, the insertion of a prosthesis and penile vascular surgery. Combination therapy like prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) with doxazosin (dox; an alpha-1-blocker) or ketanserin (ketan; a 5-HT(2) antagonist) as well as other pro-erection agents, like Endothelin-1 antagonists, angiotensin II antagonists (valsartan/losartan), adrenomedullin, Rho kinase inhibitors and nitric oxide (NO) donors may be beneficial in the treatment of ED. However, these combination therapies need to be validated. Adding an androgen to a PDE5 inhibitor may help when circulatory testosterone levels are low. The early use of PDE5 inhibitors in patients with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia or diabetes with concomitant ED and treating these risk factors may improve corporeal blood flow and lead to long-term preservation of cavernosal function. Therefore, the efficacy of PDE5 inhibitors may be maintained. Targeting the risk factors of ED (similar to those for arteriosclerosis) in the early stages of the disease may prevent the development or decrease the severity of ED.


Subject(s)
Impotence, Vasculogenic/drug therapy , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/physiology , 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases , Animals , Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 , Humans , Impotence, Vasculogenic/prevention & control , Male , Treatment Failure
8.
In Vivo ; 20(2): 243-6, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16634525

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Endothelin (ET-1) may play a role in the regulation of erection but this has not been conclusively demonstrated. Augmented cavernosal smooth muscle (CSM) contraction in the rat occurs following exposure to both ET-1 and phenylephrine (PE; alpha-1 agonist). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ET-1 and its possible role in the alpha1-adrenergic pathway during the erectile process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organ bath studies were performed on CSM strips of penises obtained from 12 age-matched New Zealand White rabbits. The effect of ET-1 and PE alone on CSM tone in the absence and presence of ETA (BQ123) and ETB (BQ788) antagonists was assessed. Tissue responses were measured as tension (newton, N). EC50 values are expressed as mean +/- S.E.M. RESULTS: PE (10(8) - 10(-4) M) and ET-1 (10(-10) - 10(-6) M) produced a concentration-dependent contraction in rabbit CSM strips. The EC50 values were 1.7 x 10(-7) M +/- 1.1 and 3.4 x 10(-9) M +/- 1.5, respectively. BQ123 10(-5) M significantly inhibited ET-1-mediated CSM contractions more than BQ788 10(-5) M (both ANOVA p<0.01). The EC50 were 1.3 x 10(-6) M +/- 2.6 and 2.0 x 10(-7) M +/- 2.1, respectively. Neither the ETA or ETB receptor antagonist had a significant influence on alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated CSM contraction. CONCLUSION: ETA receptors may play a greater role than ETB receptors in ET-1-induced rabbit CSM contraction and the detumescence process. The a1-adrenergic-dependent pathway does not involve the ETA or ETB receptors.


Subject(s)
Endothelin-1/pharmacology , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Penile Erection/drug effects , Penis/drug effects , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology , Animals , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Endothelin Receptor Antagonists , Endothelin-1/antagonists & inhibitors , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Penis/metabolism , Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Rabbits
12.
J R Soc Promot Health ; 124(5): 214-6, 2004 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15493779

ABSTRACT

Research has led to effective treatment regimes for erectile dysfunction (ED). Convincing evidence links vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and smoking) with ED. This association is not surprising since the corpus cavernosum is a modified vascular tissue. This review presents a brief account of the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of ED. There is a need to raise awareness of this condition and to make appropriate treatment available to patients.


Subject(s)
Awareness , Erectile Dysfunction/etiology , Erectile Dysfunction/therapy , Health Promotion , Penile Erection , Diabetes Complications/diagnosis , Erectile Dysfunction/prevention & control , Health Promotion/methods , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/complications , Hypertension/complications , Impotence, Vasculogenic/etiology , Impotence, Vasculogenic/therapy , Male , Needs Assessment , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , United Kingdom
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