[Emergency treatment of dislocation of large joints]. / Notfallbehandlung von Luxationen großer Gelenke.

Joint dislocations are always accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule. Depending on the forces exerted on the joint as well as individual bone quality, fractures (dislocation fractures) and injuries to ligaments occur. As blood vessels and nerves can also be damaged, reduction is an urgent measure. Only impaired peripheral perfusion, loss of motor function or sensation justify reduction without radiological documentation. As reduction can be a painful procedure, analgosedation is nearly always necessary. Evidence for superiority of individual maneuvers is weak. Reduction is followed by immobilization and documented by another control X­ray. Follow-up treatment depends on concomitant injuries, age and individual demands on joint function. Even with correct follow-up treatment, deficits often persist. This article deals with the diagnostics and treatment of dislocations of the shoulder, elbow, hip, patella and knee.

[Data content of the TraumaRegister DGU® : Results of a random sample control]. / Datengüte des TraumaRegister DGU® : Ergebnisse einer Stichprobenkontrolle.

BACKGROUND: Registries are becoming increasingly more important in clinical research. The TraumaRegister DGU® of the German Society for Trauma Surgery plays an excellent role with respect to the care of severely injured patients. AIM: Within the framework of this investigation the quality of data provided by this registry was to be verified. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Certified hospitals participating in the TraumaNetzwerk DGU® of the German Society for Trauma Surgery are obliged to submit data of treated severely injured patients to the TraumaRegister DGU®. Participating hospitals have to undergo a re-certification process every 3 years. Within the framework of this re-audit, data from 5 out of 8 randomly chosen patient cases included in the registry are controlled and compared to the patient files of the certified hospital. In the present investigation discrepancies concerning data provided were documented and the pattern of deviation was analyzed. RESULTS: The results of 1075 re-certification processes carried out in 631 hospitals including the documentation of 5409 checked patient cases from 2012-2017 were analyzed. The highest number of discrepancies detected concerned the documented time until initial CT (15.8%) and the lowest concerned the discharge site (3.2%). The majority of data sheets with discrepancies showed deviations in only one out of seven checked parameters. Interestingly, large trauma centers with a high throughput of severely injured patients showed the most deviations. CONCLUSION: The present investigation underlines the importance of standardized checks concerning data provided for registries in order to be able to guarantee an improvement in entering data.

In-medium effects on phase space distributions of antikaons measured in proton-nucleus collisions.

Differential production cross sections of K+/- mesons have been measured in p + C and p + Au collisions at 1.6, 2.5, and 3.5 GeV proton beam energy. At beam energies close to the production threshold, the K- multiplicity is strongly enhanced with respect to proton-proton collisions. According to microscopic transport calculations, this enhancement is caused by two effects: the strangeness exchange reaction NY --> K- NN and an attractive in-medium K- N potential at saturation density.

Observation of different azimuthal emission patterns of K+ and of K- mesons in heavy-ion collisions at 1-2 A GeV.

Azimuthal distributions of pi+, K+, and K- mesons have been measured in Au+Au reactions at 1.5A GeV and Ni+Ni reactions at 1.93 A GeV. In semicentral collisions at midrapidity, pi+ and K+ mesons are emitted preferentially perpendicular to the reaction plane in both collision systems. In contrast for K- mesons in Ni+Ni reactions, an in-plane elliptic flow was observed for the first time at these incident energies.

First evidence for different freeze-out conditions for kaons and antikaons observed in heavy-ion collisions.

Differential production cross sections of K- and K+ mesons have been measured in Ni+Ni and Au+Au collisions at a beam energy of 1.5 A GeV. The K(-)/K(+) ratio is found to be nearly constant as a function of the collision centrality and system size. The spectral slopes and the polar emission pattern differ for K- and K+ mesons. These observations indicate that K+ mesons decouple earlier from the fireball than K- mesons.

Evidence for a Soft Nuclear Equation-of-State from Kaon Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions.

The production of pions and kaons has been measured in 197Au+197Au collisions at beam energies from 0.6 to 1.5A GeV with the kaon spectrometer at SIS/GSI. The K+ meson multiplicity per nucleon is enhanced in Au+Au collisions by factors up to 6 relative to C+C reactions, whereas the corresponding pion ratio is reduced. The ratio of the K+ meson excitation functions for Au+Au and C+C collisions increases with decreasing beam energy. This behavior is expected for a soft nuclear equation-of-state.

Emission pattern of high-energy pions: A new probe for the early phase of heavy-Ion collisions

The emission pattern of charged pions has been measured in Au+Au collisions at 1 GeV/nucleon incident energy. In peripheral collisions and at target rapidities, high-energy pions are emitted preferentially towards the target spectator matter. In contrast, low-energy pions are emitted predominantly in the opposite direction. The corresponding azimuthal anisotropy is explained by the interaction of pions with projectile and target spectator matter. This interaction with the spectator matter causes an effective shadowing which varies with time during the reaction. Our observations show that high-energy pions stem from the early stage of the collision whereas low-energy pions freeze out later.

Crystal structure of a thermostable type B DNA polymerase from Thermococcus gorgonarius.

Most known archaeal DNA polymerases belong to the type B family, which also includes the DNA replication polymerases of eukaryotes, but maintain high fidelity at extreme conditions. We describe here the 2.5 A resolution crystal structure of a DNA polymerase from the Archaea Thermococcus gorgonarius and identify structural features of the fold and the active site that are likely responsible for its thermostable function. Comparison with the mesophilic B type DNA polymerase gp43 of the bacteriophage RB69 highlights thermophilic adaptations, which include the presence of two disulfide bonds and an enhanced electrostatic complementarity at the DNA-protein interface. In contrast to gp43, several loops in the exonuclease and thumb domains are more closely packed; this apparently blocks primer binding to the exonuclease active site. A physiological role of this "closed" conformation is unknown but may represent a polymerase mode, in contrast to an editing mode with an open exonuclease site. This archaeal B DNA polymerase structure provides a starting point for structure-based design of polymerases or ligands with applications in biotechnology and the development of antiviral or anticancer agents.

SwaI, a unique restriction endonuclease from Staphylococcus warneri, which recognizes 5'-ATTTAAAT-3'.

A novel class-II restriction endonuclease designated SwaI was purified from Staphylococcus warneri. This enzyme cleaves adenovirus 2 DNA, SV40 DNA and M13mp7 at one site each, but does not cleave lambda, PhiX174, pBR322 or pBR328 DNA. SwaI recognizes the octanucleotide sequence 5'-ATTTAAAT-3', cleaving in the center of the recognition sequence creating blunt ended DNA fragments. SwaI was used to digest chromosomal DNA from various microorganisms and human cells.

A complex family of class-II restriction endonucleases, DsaI-VI, in Dactylococcopsis salina.

A series of class-II restriction endonucleases (ENases) was discovered in the halophilic, phototrophic, gas-vacuolated cyanobacterium Dactylococcopsis salina sp. nov. The six novel enzymes are characterized by the following recognition sequences and cut positions: 5'-C decreases CRYGG-3' (DsaI); 5'-GG decreases CC-3' (DsaII); 5'-R decreases GATCY-3' (DsaIII); 5'-G decreases GWCC-3' (DsaIV); 5'-decreases CCNGG-3' (DsaV); and 5'-GTMKAC-3' (DsaVI), where W = A or T, M = A or C, K = G or T, and N = A, G, C or T. In addition, traces of further possible activity were detected. DsaI has a novel sequence specificity and DsaV is an isoschizomer of ScrFI, but with a novel cut specificity. A purification procedure was established to separate all six ENases, resulting in their isolation free of contaminating nuclease activities. DsaI cleavage is influenced by N6-methyladenine residues [derived from the Escherichia coli-encoded DNA methyltransferase (MTase) M.Eco damI] within the overlapping sequence, 5'-CCRYMGGATC-3'; DsaV hydrolysis is inhibited by a C-5-methylcytosine residue in its recognition sequence (5'-CMCNGG-3'), generated in some DsaV sites by the E. coli-encoded MTase, M.Eco dcmI.

Clonal distribution of multiple-drug-resistant Shigella sonnei strains: identification by means of plasmid pattern analysis.

The spread of particular clones of S. sonnei throughout the territory of the German Democratic Republic within one year was evaluated by means of plasmid pattern analysis of the bacterial isolates. Such epidemic clones are described by their "clone formulae" comprising the phage type, biotype, colicinogenotype, antibiogram and the plasmid pattern type. They were not observed before 1982, but potential progenitor strains could be identified as having occurred sporadically in the years before. The additional application of plasmid pattern analysis revealed a better discrimination of the epidemic distribution of distinct bacterial clones than the use of conventional methods such as phage-typing, biotyping and colicinogenotyping only.

Three new restriction endonucleases MaeI, MaeII and MaeIII from Methanococcus aeolicus.

Three type II restriction endonucleases, MaeI, MaeII and MaeIII, with novel site specificities have been isolated and purified from the archaebacterium Methanococcus aeolicus PL-15/H. The recognition sequences of these enzymes are (formula: see text) with the sites of cleavage as indicated by the arrows. The sequences were confirmed by restriction and computer analyses on sequenced DNA's of plasmid pBR322, bacteriophages lambda and phi X174 and virus SV40.

[Duration of bacterial discharge in Sonne dysentery]. / O dlitel'nosti vydeleniia bakterii pri dizenterii Zonne.

The authors report on the results of their observations during 3 epidemic outbreaks. Despite different intervals at which the bacteriological examinations were carried out comparable data were obtained: during 2 outbreaks when no chemotherapeutic agents were used in 78.0 and 79.9% of children shigella discharge ceased in 4 weeks. Daily bacteriological examinations carried out in the course of the 3rd outbreak showed the maximal intermittent bacterial discharge for up to 79 days in individual cases.