Comportamento do mercado de trabalho brasileiro em duas recessões: análise do período 2015-2017 e da pandemia de Covid-19

Este estudo procura analisar os ajustes do mercado de trabalho em meio a essas duas retrações, tentando estabelecer similaridades e diferenças entre os ajustes observados nas crises anterior e mais recente. Para tanto, serão usados diversos indicadores de trabalho, construídos a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) Contínua, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), do Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados (Caged), da Secretaria Especial de Previdência e Trabalho (SEPRT), e da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (Rais), também produzida por essa secretaria.

A evolução do emprego setorial em 2020: quão heterogêneo foi o tombo entre os setores? / Mercado de Trabalho: A evolução do emprego setorial em 2020: quão heterogêneo foi o tombo entre os setores?

Nesta nota, analisamos os efeitos das medidas de contenção da pandemia sobre o nível do emprego ao nível setorial até maio de 2020. Para tanto, lançamos mão dos registros administrativos de admissões e desligamentos do Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados (Caged), dos pedidos do seguro-desemprego e das informações de abertura de empresas disponíveis para o estado de São Paulo, fontes que são restritas ao setor formal, e da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), para incorporar o segmento informal da economia. As informações sobre o setor formal indicam uma forte retração no nível do emprego em que a queda das taxas de admissão dita o ritmo. Os setores de comércio, construção e alimentação e alojamento são os mais afetados nesse universo, tanto pelo Caged como pelos dados de seguro-desemprego e de abertura de empresas. Já a PNAD Contínua, além de reforçar essas constatações, revela as atribulações da categoria de serviços domésticos, marcados por vínculos informais.

PNAD COVID-19: divulgação de 16/10/2020: principais destaques / Mercado de Trabalho: PNAD COVID-19: Divulgação de 16/10/2020: Principais destaques

De acordo com a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) Covid-19, divulgada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), referente à semana de 20 a 26 de setembro ­ 20a semana da pesquisa ­, a trajetória de recuperação do mercado de trabalho permaneceu basicamente inalterada em relação às semanas anteriores. Os efeitos diretos da pandemia sobre o mercado de trabalho continuam a arrefecer ­ conforme sinalizado pela tendência de diminuição do número de pessoas afastadas do trabalho devido ao distanciamento social e pela redução do contingente de pessoas fora da força de trabalho que gostariam de trabalhar, mas não procuraram emprego por conta da pandemia ­, mas de forma muito gradual. O nível de ocupação vem recuperando-se lentamente, mas ainda é muito baixo. Por sua vez, o aumento da participação na força de trabalho vem pressionando a taxa de desocupação, que continua em tendência de elevação. Assim, ainda que a evolução da Covid-19 permita a continuidade do processo de retorno paulatino a certo grau de "normalidade" no funcionamento das atividades econômicas no Brasil, os efeitos adversos da crise no mercado de trabalho tendem a persistir durante algum tempo.

Gastrointestinal bleeding as initial presentation of extramedullary plasma cell neoplasms: A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Plasma-cell neoplasms rarely involve the gastrointestinal tract and manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding. Plasmablastic myeloma is an aggressive plasma cell neoplasm associated with poor outcomes. A small number of cases with gastrointestinal involvement is reported in the literature and therefore high index of suspicion is essential for avoiding delays in diagnosis and treatment. CASE SUMMARY: Our aim is to present our experience of a 70-year-old patient with a secondary presentation of plasmablastic myeloma manifesting as unstable upper gastrointestinal bleeding and to review the literature with the view to consolidate and discuss information about diagnosis and management of this rare entity. In addition to our case, a literature search (PubMed database) of case reports of extramedullary plasma cell neoplasms manifesting as upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed. Twenty-seven cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) involving the stomach and small bowel presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were retrieved. The majority of patients were males (67%). The average age on diagnosis was 62.7 years. The most common site of presentation was the stomach (41%), followed by the duodenum (15%). The most common presenting complaint was melena (44%). In the majority of cases, the EMPs were a secondary manifestation (63%) at the background of multiple myeloma (26%), plasmablastic myeloma (7%) or high-grade plasma cell myeloma (4%). Oesophagogastroscopy was the main diagnostic modality and chemotherapy the preferred treatment option for secondary EMPs. CONCLUSION: Despite their rare presentation, upper gastrointestinal EMPs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding especially in the presence of systemic haematological malignancy.

Retraction for Fusco et al., "A mos Oncogene-Containing Retrovirus, Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus, Transforms Rat Thyroid Epithelial Cells and Irreversibly Blocks Their Differentiation Pattern".

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1128/JVI.56.1.284-292.1985.].

Laparoscopic liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma. Can we extend the surgical indication in cirrhotic patients?

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the value of laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and severe cirrhosis is still lacking. The aim of this study is to assess surgical and oncological outcomes of LLR in cirrhotic HCC patients. METHODS: The analysis included 403 LLR for HCC from seven European centres. 333 cirrhotic and 70 non-cirrhotic patients were compared. A matched comparison was performed between 100 Child-Pugh A and 25 Child-Pugh B patients. RESULTS: There was no difference in blood loss (250 vs. 250 mL, p 0.465) and morbidity (28.6 vs. 26.4%, p 0.473) between cirrhotics and non-cirrhotics, and liver-specific complications were similar (12.8 vs. 12%, p 0.924). The sub-analysis revealed similar perioperative outcomes in either Child-Pugh A or B patients. Noteworthy, ascitis (11 vs. 12%, p 0.562) and liver failure (3 vs. 4%, p 0.595) were not different. ASA score (OR 1.76, p 0.034) and conversion (OR 2.99, p 0.019) were risk factors for major morbidity. Despite lower recurrence-free survival in cirrhotics (43 vs. 55 months, p 0.034), overall survival was similar to non-cirrhotic patients (84 vs. 76.5, p 0.598). CONCLUSION: LLR for HCC appear equally safe in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients, and the advantages can be witnessed in those with advanced cirrhosis. Severe comorbidities and conversion should be considered risk factors for complications-rather than the severity of cirrhosis and portal hypertension-when liver resection is performed laparoscopically. Such results may be of great interest to liver surgeons and hepatologists when deciding on the management of HCC within cirrhosis.

Eletromiografia de superfície da região cervical - contribuição para a saúde muscular / Surface electromyography of the cervical region - contribution to muscle health

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar sintomatologias dolorosas cervicais em um grupo de trabalhadores administrativos e investigar os sinais eletromiográficos do músculo trapézio superior de trabalhadores administrativos em repouso. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, de abordagem intervencionista, realizado com trabalhadores da área portuária. Analisaram-se variáveis pessoais, sintomatológicas, ocupacionais e eletrofisiológicas a partir da eletromiografia da região cervical. Foram aplicados os testes qui quadrado, teste t de Student e Mann Whitney. Resultados: Participaram 43 trabalhadores, que apresentaram média de nota para dor nas regiões do ombro e posterior do pescoço estatisticamente maiores entre mulheres do que entre homens. A formação de ondas positivas ocorreu antes e após o trabalho, afetando dez trabalhadores. A concretização da jornada de trabalho não produziu modificações significativas de atividade eletrofisiológica cervical. Conclusão: O estudo identificou variáveis ergonômicas e a autorreferência de cervicalgia, bem como o recrutamento de ondas positivas em um pequeno grupo de trabalhadores, apresentando que o uso de novos instrumentos de avaliação muscular pela enfermagem pode contribuir para a atuação profissional à saúde do trabalhador. O sexo mostrou-se variável importante na avaliação à dor muscular, especialmente ao sexo feminino, assim como o período pré-jornada, indicando que as ações produzidas anteriormente ao trabalho podem influenciar, positiva ou negativamente, nas condições musculares para o desenvolvimento da jornada de trabalho. Desta forma, delimitou-se um grupo de trabalhadores que demandam promoção a saúde muscular.

Abstract Objective: To verify cervical pain symptoms in a group of office workers and investigate electromyographic signals of the upper trapezius muscle of office workers at rest. Methods: Exploratory study with an interventional approach conducted with workers from a port facility. Personal, symptomological, occupational and electrophysiological variables were examined, based on electromyographies of the cervical region. The chi-square test, student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were applied. Results: Among the 43 workers who participated in the study, the mean score for shoulder and back neck pain was statistically higher among women than men. The formation of positive waves occurred before and after work, affecting ten workers. The completion of the workday did not cause signification modifications in cervical electrophysiological activity. Conclusion: The study identified ergonomic variables and reports of cervicalgia, as well as positive wave recruitment in a small group of workers, indicating that the use of new muscle assessment instruments by nurses can enhance their occupational health work. The sex of the participants proved to be an important variable in muscle pain assessment, especially among women. The pre-workday period was also relevant, demonstrating that actions engaged in before work can positively or negatively influence muscle conditions for the workday. As a result of the study, a group of workers that require muscle health promotion was defined.

Neuronal NCX1 overexpression induces stroke resistance while knockout induces vulnerability via Akt.

Three different Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms, NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, are expressed in brain where they play a relevant role in maintaining Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis. Although the neuroprotective roles of NCX2 and NCX3 in stroke have been elucidated, the relevance of NCX1 is still unknown because of embryonic lethality of its knocking-out, heart dysfunctions when it is overexpressed, and the lack of selectivity in currently available drugs. To overcome these limitations we generated two conditional genetically modified mice that upon tamoxifen administration showed a selective decrease or increase of NCX1 in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, in cortex and hippocampus NCX1 overexpression increased, where NCX1 knock-out reduced, both exchanger activity and Akt1 phosphorylation, a neuronal survival signaling. More important, mice overexpressing NCX1 showed a reduced ischemic volume and an amelioration of focal and general deficits when subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Conversely, NCX1-knock-out mice displayed a worsening of brain damage, focal and neurological deficits with a decrease in Akt phosphorylation. These results support the idea that NCX1 overexpression/activation may represent a feasible therapeutic opportunity in stroke intervention.

The paired box transcription factor Pax8 is essential for function and survival of adult thyroid cells.

The transcription factor Pax8 is already known to be essential at very early stages of mouse thyroid gland development, before the onset of thyroid hormone production. In this paper we show, using a conditional inactivation strategy, that the removal of the Pax8 protein late in gland development results in severe hypothyroidism, consequent to a reduced gland size and a deranged differentiation. These results demonstrate that Pax8 is also an essential player in controlling survival and differentiation of adult thyroid follicular cells.

Health disorders related to learning the welding trade: assessment of approaches to risk communication.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the identification of health disorders as self-reported by apprentices of welding and to analyze the strength of the relationship between age and time of experience with self-reported health disorders before and after a socio-environmental nursing intervention. METHOD: this quasi-experimental, non-randomized, before-and-after study was conducted with 86 welding apprentices from a private entity. RESULTS: the results show a significant difference for the pre- and post-test means and an increase in the post-test mean score for the cardiovascular, respiratory and cutaneous systems. There was also a negative correlation between the apprentices' ages and the identification of health disorders. CONCLUSION: the socio-environmental nursing intervention enabled obtaining information on health disorders related to welding. In turn, such information enabled the apprentices to assess information and self-report health disorders.

Health disorders related to learning the welding trade: assessment of approaches to risk communication / Distúrbios de saúde relacionados ao aprendizado de solda: avaliação de abordagem para comunicação de risco / Disturbios de salud relacionados al aprendizaje de soldadura: evaluación de abordaje para comunicación de riesgo

OBJECTIVE: to assess the identification of health disorders as self-reported by apprentices of welding and to analyze the strength of the relationship between age and time of experience with self-reported health disorders before and after a socio-environmental nursing intervention. METHOD: this quasi-experimental, non-randomized, before-and-after study was conducted with 86 welding apprentices from a private entity. RESULTS: the results show a significant difference for the pre- and post-test means and an increase in the post-test mean score for the cardiovascular, respiratory and cutaneous systems. There was also a negative correlation between the apprentices' ages and the identification of health disorders. CONCLUSION: the socio-environmental nursing intervention enabled obtaining information on health disorders related to welding. In turn, such information enabled the apprentices to assess information and self-report health disorders. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a identificação de distúrbios de saúde autorreferidos por aprendizes de solda e analisar a intensidade da relação entre idade e tempo de experiência com os distúrbios de saúde autorreferidos pelos aprendizes, antes e depois da intervenção socioambiental de enfermagem. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo quase-experimental, não randomizado, do tipo antes e depois, realizado com 86 aprendizes de solda de entidade privada. RESULTADOS: os resultados mostram diferença significativa para a diferença das médias pré e pós-teste e aumento da média pós-teste para o sistema cardiovascular, respiratório e tegumentar. Ainda, houve correlação negativa da idade dos aprendizes de solda com a identificação de distúrbios de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: a intervenção socioambiental de enfermagem propiciou informações de saúde sobre os distúrbios de saúde relacionados à atividade de solda. Tais informações possibilitaram aos aprendizes avaliar as informações e, mediante essas, autorreferir distúrbios de saúde. .

OBJETIVO: evaluar la identificación de disturbios de salud auto-referidos por aprendices de soldadura y analizar la intensidad de la relación entre edad y tiempo de experiencia con los disturbios de salud auto-referidos por los aprendices antes y después de la intervención socioambiental de enfermería. MÉTODO: se trata de estudio casi experimental, no aleatorio, del tipo antes y después, realizado con 86 aprendices de soldadura de una entidad privada. RESULTADOS: los resultados muestran diferencia significativa para la diferencia de los promedios pre y post-prueba y aumento del promedio post-prueba para el sistema cardiovascular, respiratorio y tegumentario. También, hubo correlación negativa de la edad de los aprendices de soldadura con la identificación de disturbios de salud. CONCLUSIÓN: la intervención socioambiental de enfermería proporcionó informaciones de salud sobre los disturbios de salud relacionados con la actividad de soldadura. Esas informaciones posibilitaron a los aprendices evaluar las informaciones y mediante estas, auto-referir disturbios de salud. .

Functional analysis of the murine Pax8 promoter reveals autoregulation and the presence of a novel thyroid-specific DNA-binding activity.

BACKGROUND: Organogenesis of the thyroid gland requires the Pax8 protein. Absence or reduction of Pax8 results in congenital hypothyroidism in animal models and humans, respectively. This study aims at elucidating the regulatory mechanism leading to the expression of Pax8 in thyroid cells. METHODS: The murine Pax8 gene promoter was functionally dissected by mutagenesis and transfection in the thyroid cell line FRTL-5. Nuclear factors important for thyroid-specific gene expression were identified by DNA-binding assays. RESULTS: We show that Pax8 binds to and controls the expression of its own promoter. Furthermore, we identify a novel, thyroid-specific, DNA-binding activity (denominated nTTF [for novel Thyroid Transcription Factor]) that recognizes a specific region of the Pax8 promoter. CONCLUSIONS: The Pax8 promoter appears to be autoregulated, a feature that might be responsible for the haploinsufficiency displayed by this gene.

Zebrafish bcl2l is a survival factor in thyroid development.

Regulated cell death, defined in morphological terms as apoptosis, is crucial for organ morphogenesis. While differentiation of the thyroid gland has been extensively studied, nothing is yet known about the survival mechanisms involved in the development of this endocrine gland. Using the zebrafish model system, we aim to understand whether genes belonging to the Bcl-2 family that control apoptosis are implicated in regulation of cell survival during thyroid development. Evidence of strong Bcl-2 gene expression in mouse thyroid precursors prompted us to investigate the functions played by its zebrafish homologs during thyroid development. We show that the bcl2-like (bcl2l) gene is expressed in the zebrafish thyroid primordium. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and mutant analyses revealed that bcl2l is crucial for thyroid cell survival and that this function is tightly modulated by the transcription factors pax2a, nk2.1a and hhex. Also, the bcl2l gene appears to control a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic mechanism during thyroid development. Thyroid precursor cells require an actively maintained survival mechanism to properly proceed through development. The bcl2l gene operates in the inhibition of cell death under direct regulation of a thyroid specific set of transcription factors. This is the first demonstration of an active mechanism to ensure survival of the thyroid primordium during morphogenesis.

The microRNA-processing enzyme Dicer is essential for thyroid function.

Dicer is a type III ribonuclease required for the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. To explore the functional role of miRNAs in thyroid gland function, we generated a thyrocyte-specific Dicer conditional knockout mouse. Here we show that development and early differentiation of the thyroid gland are not affected by the absence of Dicer, while severe hypothyroidism gradually develops after birth, leading to reduced body weight and shortened life span. Histological and molecular characterization of knockout mice reveals a dramatic loss of the thyroid gland follicular architecture associated with functional aberrations and down-regulation of several differentiation markers. The data presented in this study show for the first time that an intact miRNAs processing machinery is essential for thyroid physiology, suggesting that deregulation of specific miRNAs could be also involved in human thyroid dysfunctions.

Gene expression profiling at early organogenesis reveals both common and diverse mechanisms in foregut patterning.

The thyroid and lungs originate as neighboring bud shaped outgrowths from the midline of the embryonic foregut. When and how organ specific programs regulate development into structures of distinct shapes, positions and functions is incompletely understood. To characterize, at least in part, the genetic basis of these events, we have employed laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis to define gene expression in the mouse thyroid and lung primordia at E10.5. By comparing the transcriptome of each bud to that of the whole embryo as well as to each other, we broadly describe the genes that are preferentially expressed in each developing organ as well as those with an enriched expression common to both. The results thus obtained provide a valuable resource for further analysis of genes previously unrecognized to participate in thyroid and lung morphogenesis and to discover organ specific as well as common developmental mechanisms. As an initial step in this direction we describe a regulatory pathway involving the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 that controls cell survival in early thyroid development.

Minireview: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in thyroid gland development: an update.

In vertebrates the portion of the thyroid gland synthesizing the thyroid hormones develops from a small group of endodermal cells in the foregut. The nature of the signals that lead to the biochemical and morphogenetic events responsible for the organization of these cells into the adult thyroid gland has only recently become evident. In this review we summarize recent developments in the understanding of these processes, derived from evidence collected in several organisms.

In vivo role of different domains and of phosphorylation in the transcription factor Nkx2-1.

BACKGROUND: The transcription factor Nkx2-1 (also known as TTF-1, Titf1 or T/EBP) contains two apparently redundant activation domains and is post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. We have generated mouse mutant strains to assess the roles of the two activation domains and of phosphorylation in mouse development and differentiation. RESULTS: Mouse strains expressing variants of the transcription factor Nkx2-1 deleted of either activation domain have been constructed. Phenotypic analysis shows for each mutant a distinct set of defects demonstrating that distinct portions of the protein endow diverse developmental functions of Nkx2-1. Furthermore, a mouse strain expressing a Nkx2-1 protein mutated in the phosphorylation sites shows a thyroid gland with deranged follicular organization and gene expression profile demonstrating the functional role of phosphorylation in Nkx2-1. CONCLUSIONS: The pleiotropic functions of Nkx2-1 are not all due to the protein as a whole since some of them can be assigned to separate domains of the protein or to specific post-translational modifications. These results have implication for the evolutionary role of mutations in transcription factors.

Comparative genomics reveals a functional thyroid-specific element in the far upstream region of the PAX8 gene.

BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms leading to a fully differentiated thyrocite are still object of intense study even if it is well known that thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, NIS and TSHr are the marker genes of thyroid differentiation. It is also well known that Pax8, TTF-1, Foxe1 and Hhex are the thyroid-enriched transcription factors responsible for the expression of the above genes, thus are responsible for the differentiated thyroid phenotype. In particular, the role of Pax8 in the fully developed thyroid gland was studied in depth and it was established that it plays a key role in thyroid development and differentiation. However, to date the bases for the thyroid-enriched expression of this transcription factor have not been unraveled yet. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a functional thyroid-specific enhancer element located far upstream of the Pax8 gene. RESULTS: We hypothesized that regulatory cis-acting elements are conserved among mammalian genes. Comparison of a genomic region extending for about 100 kb at the 5'-flanking region of the mouse and human Pax8 gene revealed several conserved regions that were tested for enhancer activity in thyroid and non-thyroid cells. Using this approach we identified one putative thyroid-specific regulatory element located 84.6 kb upstream of the Pax8 transcription start site. The in silico data were verified by promoter-reporter assays in thyroid and non-thyroid cells. Interestingly, the identified far upstream element manifested a very high transcriptional activity in the thyroid cell line PC Cl3, but showed no activity in HeLa cells. In addition, the data here reported indicate that the thyroid-enriched transcription factor TTF-1 is able to bind in vitro and in vivo the Pax8 far upstream element, and is capable to activate transcription from it. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study reveal the presence of a thyroid-specific regulatory element in the 5' upstream region of the Pax8 gene. The identification of this regulatory element represents the first step in the investigation of upstream regulatory mechanisms that control Pax8 transcription during thyroid differentiation and are relevant to further studies on Pax8 as a candidate gene for thyroid dysgenesis.