ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The variability of NT-proBNP levels has been studied in heart failure, yet no data exist on these changes over time in hypertensive patients. Furthermore, studies on the relationship between natriuretic peptides and inflammatory status are limited. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 220 clinically and functionally asymptomatic stable patients (age 59 ± 13, 120 male) out of 252 patients with essential hypertension were followed up, and NT-proBNP was measured at baseline, 12 and 24 months. No differences in NT-proBNP were found with respect to the basal stage in the hypertrophic group, but significant changes were found in non-hypertrophic subjects. The reproducibility of NT-proBNP measurements was better in patients with hypertrophy than in the non-hypertrophic group for the three intervals (stage I-basal; stage II-stage I; stage II-basal) with a reference change value of 34%, 35% and 41%, respectively, in the hypertrophic group. A more elevated coefficient of correlation was obtained in the hypertrophic group than in patients without hypertrophy: basal versus stage I (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.59, p < 0.0001) and stage I versus stage II (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.56, p < 0.0001). Finally, levels of NT-proBNP significantly correlated with sTNF-R1 (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.01) during follow-up. A multivariate linear regression analysis showed that sTNF-R1 is an independent factor of NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This work shows that there is good stability in NT-proBNP levels in a follow-up study of asymptomatic patients with stable hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. As a consequence, assessment of NT-proBNP concentrations may be a useful tool for monitoring the follow-up of hypertensive patients with hypertrophy. Measured variations in peptide levels, exceeding 35% in a 12-month follow-up and 41% in a 24-month follow-up, may indicate an increase in cardiovascular risk, and therefore implies adjustment in the medical treatment. In addition, this study shows a link between neurohormonal and inflammatory activation in these patients.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics , Peptide Fragments/genetics , Aged , Cytokines/metabolism , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Hypertension/genetics , Inflammation/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Peptides/chemistry , Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Inflammation is an independent risk factor for high blood pressure, and as a consequence inflammatory cytokines could be related with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We sought to assess the association and predictive role of different cytokine levels with LVH in a group of patients with essential hypertension (HT). METHODS: We studied 251 asymptomatic hypertensive patients (142 with LVH and 109 without LVH), referred from 11 hospitals. A routine physical examination, laboratory analyses, and echo-Doppler study were performed. Plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were centrally determined. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients with LVH had higher inflammatory cytokine levels than the group without hypertrophy (P < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression reported that sTNF-R1 (P < 0.01) was an independent predictor of left ventricular mass index (LVMI). All cytokines had significant area under the curves for detection of LVH, but sTNF-R1 has the highest area, 0.71 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.001). Finally, prevalence of LVH was increased in the group of patients with higher cytokine levels, and logistic regression analysis showed that sTNF-R1 (odds ratio = 2.59, 95% CI of 1.14-5.87) was an independent predictor of LVH. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokine levels were significantly correlated with LVMI in hypertensive patients. The sTNF-R1 was an independent predictor of LVMI. Plasma sTNF-R1 concentrations could be a predictive factor of LVH in patients with essential HT.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/pathology , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology , Inflammation/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Etanercept , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/complications , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Inflammation/complications , Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/bloodABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level is a sensitive marker of ventricular dysfunction. The diagnostic and prognostic value of urinary NT-proBNP measurement has been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between established parameters of ventricular function and the urinary NT-proBNP level. METHODS: The study involved 74 patients with heart failure (54 male, age 66 [12] years). A Doppler echocardiographic study was performed to measure atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD), ejection fraction, mitral flow propagation velocity, and E/A. Urinary and plasma NT-proBNP levels, and the plasma aldosterone level were measured. RESULTS: In the whole group, the plasma NT-proBNP level was 948 (961) pg/mL, the urinary NT-proBNP level was 88.7 (17.8) pg/mL, and the aldosterone level, 165 (145) pg/mL. There were correlations between urinary NT-proBNP level and AVPD (r=-0.5; P< .0001), ejection fraction (r=-0.3; P< .01), and mitral flow propagation velocity (r=-0.24; P< .05). On dividing AVPD and ejection fraction measurements into quartiles, respectively, the urinary NT-proBNP levels for these quartiles were Q1: 103 (28) pg/mL, Q2: 89 (9) pg/mL, Q3: 86 (9) pg/mL, and Q4: 78 (9) pg/mL (P< .0001) and Q1: 101 (26) pg/mL, Q2: 85 (12) pg/mL, Q3: 83 (10) pg/mL, and Q4: 85 (11) pg/mL (P< .05), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the plasma NT-proBNP level was an independent predictor of the urinary NT-proBNP level (P< .0001). When the plasma NT-proBNP level was excluded, AVPD and ejection fraction appeared as alternative independent predictors (P< .05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a correlation between the urinary NT-proBNP level and left ventricular function parameters. This study supports the use of the urinary NT-proBNP level as a biochemical marker of ventricular function in heart failure patients.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Output, Low/physiopathology , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/urine , Peptide Fragments/urine , Ventricular Function/physiology , Aged , Aldosterone/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/urine , Cardiac Output, Low/diagnostic imaging , Cardiac Output, Low/urine , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood , Peptide Fragments/blood , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos. La concentración plasmática de N-terminal propéptido natriurético cerebral (NT-proBNP) es un marcador sensible de disfunción ventricular. Se ha demostrado el valor diagnóstico y pronóstico de sus concentraciones urinarias. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la relación entre parámetros consolidados de la función ventricular y concentraciones urinarias de NT-proBNP. Métodos. Hemos estudiado 74 pacientes diagnosticados de insuficiencia cardiaca (54 varones, edad 66 ± 12 años). Se les realizó un estudio eco-Doppler y se determinaron el desplazamiento del plano auriculoventricular (DPAV) (mm), la fracción de eyección (FE), la velocidad de propagación del flujo mitral (Vp) (cm/s) y la relación E/A. Se midieron las concentraciones plasmáticas y urinarias de NT-proBNP y las de aldosterona (pg/ml). Resultados. Para toda la población, los valores plasmáticos de NT-proBNP fueron 948 ± 961 pg/ml, los urinarios 88,7 ± 17,8 pg/ml y los de aldosterona 165 ± 145 pg/ml. Correlacionamos las concentraciones urinarias de NT-proBNP con el DPAV (r = -0,5; p < 0,0001), la FE (r = -0,3; p < 0,01) y con Vp (r = -0,24; p < 0,05). Dividimos los valores de DPAV y FE en cuartiles y en cada uno calculamos el NT-proBNP urinario (C1: 103 ± 28, C2: 89 ± 9, C3: 86 ± 9, C4: 78 ± 9; p < 0,0001 y C1: 101 ± 26, C2: 85 ± 12, C3: 83 ± 10, C4: 85 ± 11; p < 0,05). Al realizar un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se muestra que NT-proBNP plasmático es un factor pronóstico independiente de NT-proBNP urinario (p < 0,0001). Si excluimos el NT-proBNP plasmático surgen de manera alternativa, como factores pronóstico independientes, el DPAV y la FE (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. El NT-proBNP en la orina se correlaciona con parámetros de función del ventrículo izquierdo. Este estudio da soporte al papel del NT-proBNP urinario como marcador bioquímico de la función ventricular en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (AU)
Introduction and objectives. The plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level is a sensitive marker of ventricular dysfunction. The diagnostic and prognostic value of urinary NT-proBNP measurement has been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between established parameters of ventricular function and the urinary NT-proBNP level. Methods. The study involved 74 patients with heart failure (54 male, age 66 [12] years). A Doppler echocardiographic study was performed to measure atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD), ejection fraction, mitral flow propagation velocity, and E/A. Urinary and plasma NT-proBNP levels, and the plasma aldosterone level were measured. Results. In the whole group, the plasma NT-proBNP level was 948 (961) pg/mL, the urinary NT-proBNP level was 88.7 (17.8) pg/mL, and the aldosterone level, 165 (145) pg/mL. There were correlations between urinary NT-proBNP level and AVPD (r=-0.5; P<.0001), ejection fraction (r=-0.3; P<.01), and mitral flow propagation velocity (r=-0.24; P<.05). On dividing AVPD and ejection fraction measurements into quartiles, respectively, the urinary NT-proBNP levels for these quartiles were Q1: 103 (28) pg/mL, Q2: 89 (9) pg/mL, Q3: 86 (9) pg/mL, and Q4: 78 (9) pg/mL (P<.0001) and Q1: 101 (26) pg/mL, Q2: 85 (12) pg/mL, Q3: 83 (10) pg/mL, and Q4: 85 (11) pg/mL (P<.05), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the plasma NT-proBNP level was an independent predictor of the urinary NT-proBNP level (P<.0001). When the plasma NT-proBNP level was excluded, AVPD and ejection fraction appeared as alternative independent predictors (P<.05). Conclusions. There is a correlation between the urinary NT-proBNP level and left ventricular function parameters. This study supports the use of the urinary NT-proBNP level as a biochemical marker of ventricular function in heart failure patients (AU)
