Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , COVID-19/prevention & control , Erythema Multiforme/chemically induced , Administration, Topical , BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/virology , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use , Clobetasol/administration & dosage , Clobetasol/therapeutic use , Erythema Multiforme/drug therapy , Erythema Multiforme/pathology , Female , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Humans , Middle Aged , Preexisting Condition Coverage , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Symptom Flare Up , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Endometriosis/pathology , Skin Diseases/pathology , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , UmbilicusSubject(s)
Exanthema/etiology , Optic Neuritis/complications , Syphilis/complications , Adult , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Forehead/surgery , Foreign Bodies/diagnosis , Foreign Bodies/surgery , Radium/administration & dosage , Radon , Aged , Hemangioma/radiotherapy , Humans , Male , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) often report that stress aggravates their itch. However, no study has investigated if and how acute stress influences itch sensation and scratching behaviour in these patients. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impact of acute stress on experimentally induced cowhage itch perception and scratching behaviour in 16 healthy subjects and 15 patients with AD. METHODS: The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce acute stress. The itch sensation, provoked by applying cowhage to the forearms, and off-site scratching behaviour (not directed at the cowhage application site) were compared before and after performing the TSST or the control condition (watching a video of landscape scenes). RESULTS: In patients with AD, stress induced by TSST caused a significant reduction of cowhage-evoked itch but significantly increased off-site scratching behaviour. Such changes in itch perception and scratching behaviour were not observed in healthy controls. In addition, a significant positive correlation was noted between stress induced by TSST and clinical severity of eczema. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that psychological stress increases spontaneous scratching in patients with AD, which may enhance the vicious cycle of itching and scratching, resulting in aggravation of the skin eczema. These results provide new insights on the mechanism of acute stress-related exacerbation of itch in patients with AD.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic/complications , Pruritus/psychology , Stress, Psychological/complications , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Atopic/psychology , Female , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pruritus/diagnosis , Pruritus/etiology , Severity of Illness Index , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Symptom Flare Up , Young AdultABSTRACT
A sequence-specific assignment is presented for the eight low-field paramagnetically shifted cysteinyl ligand proton NMR resonances in the 2[Fe4S4] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The assignment is based upon comparison of chemical shifts in 1D and 2D NMR spectra of native oxidized protein and those of three mutants. The mutant proteins G12A and G41A were designed to produce minor local structural changes (hence small chemical shift perturbations) in either cluster I (glycine 12 to alanine) or in cluster II (glycine 41 to alanine). Observed chemical shift changes in spectra of the double mutant G12,41A support the interpretation. The comparison is aided by structural models derived from the crystal structure of the related ferredoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes. Each of the eight low-field resonances is assigned to a beta-proton from a different cysteinyl ligand, and so connectivities established from previous TOCSY and HMQC data allow assignment of all 24 cysteinyl ligand protons.
