Deciphering cancer genomes with GenomeSpy: a grammar-based visualization toolkit.

BACKGROUND: Visualization is an indispensable facet of genomic data analysis. Despite the abundance of specialized visualization tools, there remains a distinct need for tailored solutions. However, their implementation typically requires extensive programming expertise from bioinformaticians and software developers, especially when building interactive applications. Toolkits based on visualization grammars offer a more accessible, declarative way to author new visualizations. Yet, current grammar-based solutions fall short in adequately supporting the interactive analysis of large datasets with extensive sample collections, a pivotal task often encountered in cancer research. FINDINGS: We present GenomeSpy, a grammar-based toolkit for authoring tailored, interactive visualizations for genomic data analysis. By using combinatorial building blocks and a declarative language, users can implement new visualization designs easily and embed them in web pages or end-user-oriented applications. A distinctive element of GenomeSpy's architecture is its effective use of the graphics processing unit in all rendering, enabling a high frame rate and smoothly animated interactions, such as navigation within a genome. We demonstrate the utility of GenomeSpy by characterizing the genomic landscape of 753 ovarian cancer samples from patients in the DECIDER clinical trial. Our results expand the understanding of the genomic architecture in ovarian cancer, particularly the diversity of chromosomal instability. CONCLUSIONS: GenomeSpy is a visualization toolkit applicable to a wide range of tasks pertinent to genome analysis. It offers high flexibility and exceptional performance in interactive analysis. The toolkit is open source with an MIT license, implemented in JavaScript, and available at https://genomespy.app/.

Genome-wide quantification of copy-number aberration impact on gene expression in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.

Copy-number alterations (CNAs) are a hallmark of cancer and can regulate cancer cell states via altered gene expression values. Herein, we have developed a copy-number impact (CNI) analysis method that quantifies the degree to which a gene expression value is impacted by CNAs and leveraged this analysis at the pathway level. Our results show that a high CNA is not necessarily reflected at the gene expression level, and our method is capable of detecting genes and pathways whose activity is strongly influenced by CNAs. Furthermore, the CNI analysis enables unbiased categorization of CNA categories, such as deletions and amplifications. We identified six CNI-driven pathways associated with poor treatment response in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), which we found to be the most CNA-driven cancer across 14 cancer types. The key driver in most of these pathways was amplified wild-type KRAS, which we validated functionally using CRISPR modulation. Our results suggest that wild-type KRAS amplification is a driver of chemotherapy resistance in HGSC and may serve as a potential treatment target.

HRD related signature 3 predicts clinical outcome in advanced tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated usability of single base substitution signature 3 (Sig3) as a biomarker for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective observational trial includes 165 patients with advanced HGSC. Fresh tissue samples (n = 456) from multiple intra-abdominal areas at diagnosis and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) were collected for whole-genome sequencing. Sig3 was assessed by fitting samples independently with COSMIC v3.2 reference signatures. An HR scar assay was applied for comparison. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were studied using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Sig3 has a bimodal distribution, eliminating the need for an arbitrary cutoff typical in HR scar tests. Sig3 could be assessed from samples with low (10%) cancer cell proportion and was consistent between multiple samples and stable during NACT. At diagnosis, 74 (45%) patients were HRD (Sig3+), while 91 (55%) were HR proficient (HRP, Sig3-). Sig3+ patients had longer PFS and OS than Sig3- patients (22 vs. 13 months and 51 vs. 34 months respectively, both p < 0.001). Sig3 successfully distinguished the poor prognostic HRP group among BRCAwt patients (PFS 19 months for Sig3+ and 13 months for Sig3- patients, p < 0.001). However, Sig3 at diagnosis did not predict chemoresponse anymore in the first relapse. The patient-level concordance between Sig3 and HR scar assay was 87%, and patients with HRD according to both tests had the longest median PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Sig3 is a prognostic marker in advanced HGSC and useful tool in patient stratification for HRD.

H&E image analysis pipeline for quantifying morphological features.

Detecting cell types from histopathological images is essential for various digital pathology applications. However, large number of cells in whole-slide images (WSIs) necessitates automated analysis pipelines for efficient cell type detection. Herein, we present hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) Image Processing pipeline (HEIP) for automatied analysis of scanned H&E-stained slides. HEIP is a flexible and modular open-source software that performs preprocessing, instance segmentation, and nuclei feature extraction. To evaluate the performance of HEIP, we applied it to extract cell types from ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) patient WSIs. HEIP showed high precision in instance segmentation, particularly for neoplastic and epithelial cells. We also show that there is a significant correlation between genomic ploidy values and morphological features, such as major axis of the nucleus.

Evolutionary states and trajectories characterized by distinct pathways stratify patients with ovarian high grade serous carcinoma.

Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage, with multiple genetically heterogeneous clones existing in the tumors long before therapeutic intervention. Herein we integrate clonal composition and topology using whole-genome sequencing data from 510 samples of 148 patients with HGSC in the prospective, longitudinal, multiregion DECIDER study. Our results reveal three evolutionary states, which have distinct features in genomics, pathways, and morphological phenotypes, and significant association with treatment response. Nested pathway analysis suggests two evolutionary trajectories between the states. Experiments with five tumor organoids and three PI3K inhibitors support targeting tumors with enriched PI3K/AKT pathway with alpelisib. Heterogeneity analysis of samples from multiple anatomical sites shows that site-of-origin samples have 70% more unique clones than metastatic tumors or ascites. In conclusion, these analysis and visualization methods enable integrative tumor evolution analysis to identify patient subtypes using data from longitudinal, multiregion cohorts.

A platform for efficient establishment and drug-response profiling of high-grade serous ovarian cancer organoids.

The broad research use of organoids from high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) has been hampered by low culture success rates and limited availability of fresh tumor material. Here, we describe a method for generation and long-term expansion of HGSC organoids with efficacy markedly improved over previous reports (53% vs. 23%-38%). We established organoids from cryopreserved material, demonstrating the feasibility of using viably biobanked tissue for HGSC organoid derivation. Genomic, histologic, and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that organoids recapitulated genetic and phenotypic features of original tumors. Organoid drug responses correlated with clinical treatment outcomes, although in a culture conditions-dependent manner and only in organoids maintained in human plasma-like medium (HPLM). Organoids from consenting patients are available to the research community through a public biobank and organoid genomic data are explorable through an interactive online tool. Taken together, this resource facilitates the application of HGSC organoids in basic and translational ovarian cancer research.

Optimized detection of homologous recombination deficiency improves the prediction of clinical outcomes in cancer.

Homologous recombination DNA-repair deficiency (HRD) is a common driver of genomic instability and confers a therapeutic vulnerability in cancer. The accurate detection of somatic allelic imbalances (AIs) has been limited by methods focused on BRCA1/2 mutations and using mixtures of cancer types. Using pan-cancer data, we revealed distinct patterns of AIs in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). We used machine learning and statistics to generate improved criteria to identify HRD in HGSC (ovaHRDscar). ovaHRDscar significantly predicted clinical outcomes in three independent patient cohorts with higher precision than previous methods. Characterization of 98 spatiotemporally distinct metastatic samples revealed low intra-patient variation and indicated the primary tumor as the preferred site for clinical sampling in HGSC. Further, our approach improved the prediction of clinical outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (tnbcHRDscar), validated in two independent patient cohorts. In conclusion, our tumor-specific, systematic approach has the potential to improve patient selection for HR-targeted therapies.

Anduril 2: upgraded large-scale data integration framework.

SUMMARY: Anduril is an analysis and integration framework that facilitates the design, use, parallelization and reproducibility of bioinformatics workflows. Anduril has been upgraded to use Scala for pipeline construction, which simplifies software maintenance, and facilitates design of complex pipelines. Additionally, Anduril's bioinformatics repository has been expanded with multiple components, and tutorial pipelines, for next-generation sequencing data analysis. AVAILABILITYAND IMPLEMENTATION: Freely available at http://anduril.org. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Prospective Longitudinal ctDNA Workflow Reveals Clinically Actionable Alterations in Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection is a minimally invasive technique that offers dynamic molecular snapshots of genomic alterations in cancer. Although ctDNA markers can be used for early detection of cancers or for monitoring treatment efficacy, the value of ctDNA in guiding treatment decisions in solid cancers is controversial. Here, we monitored ctDNA to detect clinically actionable alterations during treatment of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the most common and aggressive form of epithelial ovarian cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 43%. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We implemented a clinical ctDNA workflow to detect clinically actionable alterations in more than 500 cancer-related genes. We applied the workflow to a prospective cohort consisting of 78 ctDNA samples from 12 patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer before, during, and after treatment. These longitudinal data sets were analyzed using our open-access ctDNA-tailored bioinformatics analysis pipeline and in-house Translational Oncology Knowledgebase to detect clinically actionable genomic alterations. The alterations were ranked according to the European Society for Medical Oncology scale for clinical actionability of molecular targets. RESULTS: Our results show good concordance of mutations and copy number alterations in ctDNA and tumor samples, and alterations associated with clinically available drugs were detected in seven patients (58%). Treatment of one chemoresistant patient was changed on the basis of detection of ERBB2 amplification, and this ctDNA-guided decision was followed by significant tumor shrinkage and complete normalization of the cancer antigen 125 tumor marker. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate a proof of concept for using ctDNA to guide clinical decisions. Furthermore, our results show that longitudinal ctDNA samples can be used to identify poor-responding patients after first cycles of chemotherapy. We provide what we believe to be the first comprehensive, open-source ctDNA workflow for detecting clinically actionable alterations in solid cancers.