ABSTRACT
KEY POINTS: ⢠Ultrasound is the prevalent modality for assessment of the thyroid and biopsy guidance of lesions. ⢠The various TI-RADS classifications provide scoring systems which help indicate the likelihood of malignancy. ⢠Ongoing research helps to improve the characterisation of nodules, biopsy techniques and non-surgical treatment methods.
Subject(s)
Thyroid Nodule , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/therapy , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Facial appearance is largely determined by the morphology of the underlying skeleton. Hydroxyapatite is one of several materials available to enhance projection of the facial skeleton. This study evaluated the long-term maintenance of augmented bony projection when porous hydroxyapatite granules are used on the facial skeleton. Ten female patients aged 28-58 years were studied following aesthetic augmentation of the facial skeleton at 24 sites using porous hydroxyapatite granules. Postoperative CT scans at 3 months served as the baseline measurement and compared with scans taken at 1 and 2 years, with the thickness of the hydroxyapatite measured in axial and coronal planes. Thickness of original bone plus overlay of hydroxyapatite, thickness of the overlying soft tissue, and the overall projection (bone plus soft tissue) were recorded. It was found that 99.7% of the hydroxyapatite was maintained at 2 years, with no statistical difference (t test) from the baseline measurement. The overall projection (bony and soft tissue) was maintained as there was no evidence of native bone resorption or soft tissue atrophy. Radiographic results confirmed that the use of porous hydroxyapatite granules for enhancement of the facial skeleton is not only a predictable procedure, but maintains full bony projection at 2 years.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/administration & dosage , Cosmetic Techniques , Facial Bones , Hydroxyapatites/administration & dosage , Prostheses and Implants , Adult , Facial Bones/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Middle Aged , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
The Nutcracker Syndrome, caused by compression of the left renal vein as it passes in a tight angle between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, usually presents with unexplained haematuria localized to the left ureteric orifice. We report on a series of cases where compression of the left renal vein caused prominent left-gonadal-vein reflux, which in turn resulted in lower-limb varices and varicocele formation.
