[An analysis of the diet of members of the Russian national men's water polo team during the sports training camps].

Increasing the adaptive capacity of professional athletes depends on proper nutrition, especially in training and competitions' period. In this regard, it is relevant to study the actual nutrition and assess its compliance with the energy expenditure of athletes. The aim - to study the actual nutrition and energy expenditure of athletes from male water polo national team of the Russian Federation in the competitive period. Material and methods. In March 2018, 15 highly skilled sportsmen-men engaged in water polo were examined; qualification - 11 masters of sports, 4 candidates for the master of sports; Slavic ethnos. The average age was 23.1±0.6 years. The actual nutrition was studied by a 24-hour food record method and by the frequency method. The anthropometric examination was carried out according to a unified method using standard medical scales, a medical height meter and a rubberized measuring tape. Measurement of energy expenditure and heart rate at rest and under load was performed on a bicycle ergometer using an wireless ergospirometer and a chest pulse meter. Results and discussion. The determination of daily energy expenditure in athletes of the men's Russian national water polo team showed that the average value was 4350±129 kcal. А peculiar feature of the diet of water polo players is its high caloric value (5165±539 kcal/day), caused by energy expenditure during physical exertion and additional thermogenesis in conditions of long training in water. Excessive (1.5 times in comparison with the recommended values) consumption of fats, including saturated fatty acids by 1.3 times, added sugar and added salt is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of digestive organs, endocrine system, including type 2 diabetes. Low values of consumption of vegetables and fruits, dairy products, fish products and high levels of sugar and confectionery have been established. Conclusion. The imbalance of diets on two basic nutrients (fats, carbohydrates) has been revealed. The data obtained were the basis for the formation of individual recommendations on nutrition for each athlete, taking into account athletes' metabolic parameters and the level of physical activity. It is necessary to continue studies of anthropometric indices in dynamics for the most adequate assessment of the compliance of actual nutrition with energy consumption, and further correction of the diet in order to improve athletes' performance.

[Actual liquid consumption by highly qualified athletes in the mode of the training process].

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the actual intake of fluids by athletes of various sports during the day with one and two training sessions before, during and after workout. The dietary intake, including consumption of various types of liquid foods and beverages, was evaluated by the method of 24-hour recall in 280 athletes of high qualification (candidates for masters and masters of sports) of both gender of various sports during the training period. It has been established that the main drink of rehydration was drinking bottled water. Bottled water was consumed on average by 86% of athletes. It was consumed by 95-96% of sportsmen from the group of single combats and power kinds, whereas in other groups the share of water consumers was less - 67-79%. In second place in terms of percentage of consuming was tea. Consumption of sports drinks was observed only during training by athletes from the group of cyclic sports (31%) and single combat (11%). Calculating the per capita fluid intake of athletes who had 2 workouts a day showed that athletes from the martial arts group consumed the largest volumes of fluid in the mode of both training sessions as compared to representatives of other sports. Athletes of other sports consumed on average less liquid in the 2nd training mode compared to the 1st one. The total fluid intake during two training sessions was maximum in the group of martial arts and was minimum in the group of complex coordination sports. It should be specially noted a small proportion of athletes who consumed specialized sports drinks - only 17% of athletes and more than half of them - cyclical sportsmen. Consumption of liquid food outside training has been observed in 76% of athletes. The mean volume of consumed liquid products varied by the user from 382 and 437 ml in complex coordination and game sports up to 504-553 ml in other sports. The daily fluid intake was maximum (2326 ml) in athletes engaged in martial arts, minimum (1009 ml) - in athletes of complex coordination sports.

[The feasibility of specialized products for nutrition of sportsmen in the preparatory period of the sports cycle].

The nutrition factor is one of the most important in the achievement of high sport results and in maintaining of athlete health along with the methodological and psychological aspects of training. Improving the methods of training in different sports leads to a significant increase in the level of energy expenditure. In order to provide athletes with a large amount of energy, it is advisable to use specialized products with increased nutritive and biological value. Specialists should pay special attention to the scientific justification of composition of special food products (SPP) with consideration of age and gender of athlete, type of sport, the stages of sports activities, training regimes, the qualifications of the athlete and individual level of metabolism. An analytical review of literature on the appropriateness of the application of SPP for athlete nutrition in the preparatory period was conducted to justify the need for further research in this field.

[Basal metabolic rate as an integral indicator of metabolism intensity].

The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is of great importance in the assessment of daily energy requirements and physical activity level of a person. Article reviews the factors influencing the BMR. The BMR significantly correlates with weight, height, age, sex. Prediction equations based on these factors account for approximately 70% of the variability of the basal metabolism. However, these equations do not take into account the effect of body composition. The BMR is associated with lean body mass. Among body composition indicators lean body mass is the strongest determinant of BMR. The rate of basal metabolism, predicted on the basis of the relationship with the lean body mass covers the same 70% of the variability that are determined by gender and age differences, as most of the variability due to gender and age differences. In addition, the role of physical activity and nutrition as factors that affect the value of the BMR is discussed. The conclusion is made that lean body mass is the strongest predictor of BMR. Body fat mass also affects the basal metabolic rate as well as physical activity level and nutrition.