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1.
BMC Geriatr ; 15: 52, 2015 Apr 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25903561

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Frailty, a validated measure of physiologic reserve, predicts adverse health outcomes among adults with end-stage renal disease. Frailty typically is not measured clinically; instead, a surrogate-perceived frailty-is used to inform clinical decision-making. Because correlations between perceived and measured frailty remain unknown, the aim of this study was to assess their relationship. METHODS: 146 adults undergoing hemodialysis were recruited from a single dialysis center in Baltimore, Maryland. Patient characteristics associated with perceived (reported by nephrologists, nurse practitioners (NPs), or patients) or measured frailty (using the Fried criteria) were identified using ordered logistic regression. The relationship between perceived and measured frailty was assessed using percent agreement, kappa statistic, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and prevalence of misclassification of frailty. Patient characteristics associated with misclassification were determined using Fisher's exact tests, t-tests, or median tests. RESULTS: Older age (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.36, 95%CI:1.11-1.68, P = 0.003 per 5-years older) and comorbidity (aOR = 1.49, 95%CI:1.27-1.75, P < 0.001 per additional comorbidity) were associated with greater likelihood of nephrologist-perceived frailty. Being non-African American was associated with greater likelihood of NP- (aOR = 5.51, 95%CI:3.21-9.48, P = 0.003) and patient- (aOR = 4.20, 95%CI:1.61-10.9, P = 0.003) perceived frailty. Percent agreement between perceived and measured frailty was poor (nephrologist, NP, and patient: 64.1%, 67.0%, and 55.5%). Among non-frail participants, 34.4%, 30.0%, and 31.6% were perceived as frail by a nephrologist, NP, or themselves. Older adults (P < 0.001) were more likely to be misclassified as frail by a nephrologist; women (P = 0.04) and non-African Americans (P = 0.02) were more likely to be misclassified by an NP. Neither age, sex, nor race was associated with patient misclassification. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived frailty is an inadequate proxy for measured frailty among patients undergoing hemodialysis.


Subject(s)
Health Status , Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Renal Dialysis , Self Concept , Aged , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence
2.
BMC Nephrol ; 16: 49, 2015 Apr 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25881073

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Disparities in access to kidney transplantation (KT) remain inadequately understood and addressed. Detailed descriptions of patient attitudes may provide insight into mechanisms of disparity. The aims of this study were to explore perceptions of dialysis and KT among African American adults undergoing hemodialysis, with particular attention to age- and sex-specific concerns. METHODS: Qualitative data on experiences with hemodialysis and views about KT were collected through four age- and sex-stratified (males <65, males ≥65, females <65, and females ≥65 years) focus group discussions with 36 African American adults recruited from seven urban dialysis centers in Baltimore, Maryland. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from thematic content analysis: 1) current health and perceptions of dialysis, 2) support while undergoing dialysis, 3) interactions with medical professionals, and 4) concerns about KT. Females and older males tended to be more positive about dialysis experiences. Younger males expressed a lack of support from friends and family. All participants shared feelings of being treated poorly by medical professionals and lacking information about renal disease and treatment options. Common concerns about pursuing KT were increased medication burden, fear of surgery, fear of organ rejection, and older age (among older participants). CONCLUSIONS: These perceptions may contribute to disparities in access to KT, motivating granular studies based on the themes identified.


Subject(s)
Black or African American/psychology , Healthcare Disparities , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Kidney Transplantation/psychology , Quality of Life , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Attitude to Health , Baltimore , Female , Focus Groups , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology , Kidney Transplantation/methods , Male , Maryland , Middle Aged , Perception , Physician-Patient Relations , Qualitative Research , Renal Dialysis/methods , Risk Assessment , Sex Factors , Treatment Outcome
3.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol ; 9(11): 1940-8, 2014 Nov 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25212908

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Disparities in kidney transplantation remain; one mechanism for disparities in access to transplantation (ATT) may be patient-perceived concerns about pursuing transplantation. This study sought to characterize prevalence of patient-perceived concerns, explore interrelationships between concerns, determine patient characteristics associated with concerns, and assess the effect of concerns on ATT. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Prevalences of 12 patient-perceived concerns about pursuing transplantation were determined among 348 adults who recently initiated dialysis, recruited from 26 free-standing dialysis centers around Baltimore, Maryland (January 2009-March 2012). Using variable reduction techniques, concerns were clustered into two categories (health-related and psychosocial) and quantified with scale scores. Associations between patient characteristics and concerns were estimated using modified Poisson regression. Associations between concerns and ATT were estimated using Cox models. RESULTS: The most frequently cited patient-perceived concerns were that participants felt they were doing fine on dialysis (68.4%) and felt uncomfortable asking someone to donate a kidney (29.9%). Older age was independently associated with having high health-related (adjusted relative risk, 1.35 [95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.51], for every 5 years older for those ≥ 60 years) or psychosocial (1.15 [1.00 to 1.31], for every 5 years older for those aged ≥ 60 years) concerns, as was being a woman (1.72 [1.21 to 2.43] and 1.55 [1.09 to 2.20]), having less education (1.59 [1.08 to 2.35] and 1.77 [1.17 to 2.68], comparing postsecondary education to grade school or less), and having more comorbidities (1.18 [1.08 to 1.30] and 1.18 [1.07 to 1.29], per one comorbidity increase). Having never seen a nephrologist before dialysis initiation was associated with high psychosocial concerns (1.48 [1.01 to 2.18]). Those with high health-related (0.37 [0.16 to 0.87]) or psychosocial (0.47 [0.23 to 0.95]) concerns were less likely to achieve ATT (median follow-up time 2.2 years; interquartile range, 1.6-3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Patient-perceived concerns about pursuing kidney transplantation are highly prevalent, particularly among older adults and women. Reducing these concerns may help decrease disparities in ATT.


Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Kidney Transplantation/psychology , Kidney Transplantation/statistics & numerical data , Living Donors , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Age Factors , Educational Status , Fear , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology , Health Services Accessibility , Health Status , Healthcare Disparities , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Nephrology/statistics & numerical data , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Sex Factors , United States , Waiting Lists
4.
Clin Transplant ; 28(4): 443-449, 2014 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24673146

ABSTRACT

Maximizing deceased donation rates can decrease the organ shortage. Non-transplant physicians play a critical role in facilitating conversion of potential deceased donors to actual donors, but studies suggest that physicians lack knowledge about the organ donation process. As residency and fellowship are often the last opportunities for formal medical training, we hypothesized that deficiencies in knowledge might originate in residency and fellowship. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess knowledge about organ donation, experience in donor conversion, and opinions of the process among residents and fellows after their intensive care unit rotations at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Of 40 participants, 50% had previously facilitated donor conversion, 25% were familiar with the guidelines of the organ procurement organization (OPO), and 10% had received formal instruction from the OPO. The median score on the knowledge assessment was five of 10; higher knowledge score was not associated with level of medical training, prior training in or experience with donor conversion, or with favorable opinions about the OPO. We identified a pervasive deficit in knowledge among residents and fellows at an academic medical center with an active transplant program that may help explain attending-level deficits in knowledge about the organ donation process.


Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Clinical Competence , Death , Internship and Residency , Referral and Consultation/organization & administration , Tissue and Organ Procurement/organization & administration , Academic Medical Centers , Baltimore , Critical Care , Cross-Sectional Studies , Data Collection , Fellowships and Scholarships , General Surgery/education , Humans , Internal Medicine/education , Linear Models , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pulmonary Medicine/education , Tissue Donors
5.
J Clin Epidemiol ; 67(1): 15-32, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24262770

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To recommend methodological standards in the prevention and handling of missing data for primary patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We searched National Library of Medicine Bookshelf and Catalog as well as regulatory agencies' and organizations' Web sites in January 2012 for guidance documents that had formal recommendations regarding missing data. We extracted the characteristics of included guidance documents and recommendations. Using a two-round modified Delphi survey, a multidisciplinary panel proposed mandatory standards on the prevention and handling of missing data for PCOR. RESULTS: We identified 1,790 records and assessed 30 as having relevant recommendations. We proposed 10 standards as mandatory, covering three domains. First, the single best approach is to prospectively prevent missing data occurrence. Second, use of valid statistical methods that properly reflect multiple sources of uncertainty is critical when analyzing missing data. Third, transparent and thorough reporting of missing data allows readers to judge the validity of the findings. CONCLUSION: We urge researchers to adopt rigorous methodology and promote good science by applying best practices to the prevention and handling of missing data. Developing guidance on the prevention and handling of missing data for observational studies and studies that use existing records is a priority for future research.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/standards , Patient Outcome Assessment , Research Design/standards , Consensus , Humans
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