A simplified GIS and google-earth-based approach for lineaments and terrain attributes mapping in a basement complex terrain.

In this study, we use an integrated geologic mapping technique for remote mapping of lineaments and geologic terrain. Our workflow is based on geographic information system tools and consists of stream network delineation, lineaments mapping, terrain roughness index calculation, and interpretation of structural fabrics from google earth aerial photographs. The case study area, the Idanre Hills in southwestern Nigeria, has a protracted history and is characterized by steep-sided outcrops of a granitic batholith and migmatite-gneiss. Lineaments are widespread and dense around the batholith, occurring in areas of high elevation, and slope gradient. Terrain roughness indices are high at the outcrops and lineament sites. Streams in the area exhibit variable flow and partly align with the lineaments. The high roughness indices observed have tectonic connotations and are related to the occurrence of lineaments, strain domains, and high degree of rock weathering. Importantly, our method is effective in remote mapping of lineaments and terrain attributes within the study area and has wider applications in other basement complex terrains.

Influence of Anacardium occidentale leaf supplementation in broiler chicken diet on performance, caecal microbiota, blood chemistry, immune status, carcass, and meat quality.

1. This study investigated the growth performance, caecal microbiota, blood chemistry, splenic cytokines, serum immunoglobulins, carcase, meat quality and oxidative status of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with Anacardium occidentale leaf powder (AOLP) in comparison with antibiotic and synthetic antioxidant.2. Three hundred and twenty, one-day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted into four treatment groups consisting of eight pen replicates with 10 birds per pen. The treatment groups were T0, basal diet only; T1, basal diet + 0.4 g/kg oxytetracycline + 0.12 g/kg butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA); T2, basal diet + 2 g/kg AOLP and T3, basal diet + 4 g/kg AOLP. The birds were fed for 42 d when performance was assessed, and then euthanised.3. During 0-42 d, feed conversion ratio was higher (P = 0.033) in T0 birds compared with birds fed other diets. Diet did not affect carcase traits, organ weights, serum biochemical indices, and meat composition, pH, cook loss or meat colour. Supplemented birds had higher erythrocyte (P = 0.042) and haemoglobin (P = 0.025), and lower leukocytes (P = 0.012) compared with the T0 birds.4. Diet T3 upregulated (P = 0.020) splenic interleukin-10 compared with other diets. The T0 birds had higher (P < 0.05) interleukin-6 and serum IgG and IgM compared with the supplemented birds. Caecal E. coli and Salmonella spp. counts were higher (P < 0.05) in T0 birds than in the supplemented groups. Lactobacillus spp. counts were higher (P = 0.001) in T3 birds than in those fed other diets. Breast and thigh meat from the T0 birds had higher (P < 0.05) TBARS value, and carbonyl content compared to the supplemented birds. The T0 breast meat had higher drip loss (P = 0.001) than meat from the supplemented birds.5. The results suggested that AOLP exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that were comparable to the responses to oxytetracycline and BHA (T1) in broiler diets. Nonetheless, the efficacy of AOLP needs to be verified under disease challenge or compromised health condition.

The millennial generation plastic surgery trainees in sub-Saharan Africa and social media: A review of the application of blogs, podcasts, and twitter as web-based learning tools.

The delivery of education and training in plastic surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa face increasing challenges. These include endemic shortages of plastic surgeons within postgraduate medical school faculties, the erosion of financial and clinical resources for teaching, and more recently, the millennial generation paradigm shift. It is generally accepted that the millennial generation will be more discerning and comfortable in their requirements for web-based learning content to support their education and training in plastic surgery. We reviewed current literature including original and review articles obtained through a search of PubMed database, Medline, Google Scholar, and hand searching of bibliographies of published articles using the keywords: social media, Blogs, Twitter, plastic surgery, and millennial generation. This article defines and explores Blogs, Podcasts, and Twitter, as web-based learning tools, and discusses how to leverage social media to maximize their educational value and effectiveness.s.

Résumé L'offre d'éducation et de formation en chirurgie plastique en Afrique subsaharienne est confrontée à des défis croissants. Il s'agit notamment de la pénurie endémique de chirurgiens plasticiens au sein des facultés de médecine de troisième cycle, de l'érosion des ressources financières et cliniques pour l'enseignement et, plus récemment, du changement de paradigme de la génération du millénaire. Il est généralement admis que la génération du millénaire sera plus exigeante et plus à l'aise dans ses exigences en matière de contenu d'apprentissage en ligne pour soutenir son éducation et sa formation en chirurgie plastique. Nous avons examiné la littérature actuelle, y compris les articles originaux et critiques obtenus grâce à une recherche dans la base de données PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, et une recherche manuelle dans les bibliographies des articles publiés à l'aide des mots clés: médias sociaux, blogs, Twitter, chirurgie plastique et génération du millénaire. Cet article définit et explore les blogs, les podcasts et Twitter, en tant qu'outils d'apprentissage basés sur le Web, et explique comment tirer parti des médias sociaux pour maximiser leur valeur éducative et leur efficacité.

Iron-deficiency anemia with lithobezoar (pica): a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in a 5-year-old Nigerian child.

BACKGROUND: Despite a high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in developing countries such as Nigeria, intestinal obstruction secondary to lithobezoar (an accumulation of ingested stones within the gastrointestinal tract) is uncommon. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we report a case of acute intestinal obstruction secondary to ingestion of large pebbles and IDA in a 5-year-old Nigerian boy. The patient was managed conservatively with the use of laxatives and a rectal wash-out, and the pebbles were excreted over 3 days. Oral iron therapy was also commenced with cessation of pica. DISCUSSION: Although the direction of causal relationship between pica and IDA remains debatable, routine screening for iron deficiency among children with lithobezoar is recommended. Besides managing complications associated with lithobezoar, such as intestinal obstruction, prompt initiation of iron therapy among those who present with features of iron deficiency may be beneficial.

Dietary effects of spaghetti waste as maize replacement in the diet of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

A 56-day experiment was conducted with Clarias gariepinus juvenile to evaluate the effects of replacing maize with Spaghetti Waste (SW). Four isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated by substituting maize with spaghetti waste at different graded levels of 50, 75 and 100%, respectively with a control (100% maize). The experiment was run in triplicate and fish distributed into 21 plastic tanks. The fish were fed to satiation twice daily and water changed every two days to maintain good water quality. The weight of the fish was determined weekly by bulk weighing. The highest mean weight gain (106.40 +/- 4.59 g) and specific growth rate (2.96 +/- 0.07) were recorded in fish fed 100% SW, though no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded between the control and other test diets. There was significant increase (p < 0.05) in the feed intake with increased inclusion of the test ingredient. All the analysed blood parameters recorded significant difference (p < 0.05) except in the white blood cell. The proximate composition of carcass recorded significant difference (p < 0.05) for crude protein, while the ether extract and the dry matter were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The highest crude protein (59.33 +/- 0.50) was however recorded in 75% SW inclusion. This study showed that maize can totally be replaced with spaghetti waste without any adverse effect on the growth and health status of C. gariepinus.

Investigation of acute toxicity of pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic, 25%EC) on guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Peters, 1859).

Pirimiphos-methyl is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide and potential toxic pollutant in aquatic ecosystems. The acute toxicity of Pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic) was investigated using Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in a 96 h static renewal laboratory bioassay. Based on probit analysis the LC50 was 0.026, 0.024, 0.022 and 0.019 ml L(-1) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the quantal response (mortality) of P. reticulata to different concentrations of Actellic at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. Actellic insecticide is toxic to fish; therefore its indiscriminate use in aquatic environment should be discouraged.