Distinct Inflammatory Phenotypes are associated with subclinical and clinical Cardiovascular disease in People living with HIV.

Despite inflammation being implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with HIV (PWH), considerable heterogeneity within populations of PWH exists. Stratifying CVD risk based on inflammatory phenotype could play an important role. Using principal component analyses and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, we examined 38 biomarkers to identify inflammatory phenotypes in two independent cohorts of PWH. We identified three distinct inflammatory clusters present in both cohorts that associated with altered risk of both subclinical CVD (cohort 1) and prevalent clinical CVD (cohort 2) after adjusting for CVD risk factors. These data support precision medicine approaches to enhance CVD risk assessment in PWH.

Use of Lean Six Sigma methodology shows reduction of inpatient waiting time for peripherally inserted central catheter placement.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the use of Lean Six Sigma methodology to improve the turnaround time (TAT) for inpatient peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Value stream mapping was used to analyse the workflow process for inpatient PICC placement and to divide it into its component parts. Unnecessary steps were eliminated and variation minimised in the remaining processes. The TAT for PICC line placement was recorded for the 6 months prior to implementation of changes, and subsequently, at the 6-month and 2-year follow-up points. RESULTS: Prior to implementing the changes, the mean TAT for PICC line placement was 3.74±3.28 days (95% confidence interval [CI]=3.3-4.17). Six months after implementation, the mean TAT was 1.89±1.82 days (95% CI=1.72-2.06, p<0.0001). The reduction was sustained such that at 2 years post-implementation the mean TAT was 1.88±1.87 days (95% CI=1.78-1.99, p<0.0001). This was achieved despite a 13.8% increase in overall interventional radiological activity. CONCLUSION: By applying Lean Six Sigma methodology to the complex multifactorial processes involved from ordering a PICC to its final insertion, it was possible to identify areas for improvement and to introduce simple, effective measures that resulted in a significant sustained decrease in the TAT without additional resources.

Subtraction of time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography images improves visualization of the pulmonary veins and left atrium in adults with congenital heart disease: a novel post-processing technique.

To describe a novel time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (TR-MRA) postprocessing technique using the time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories (TWIST) method to evaluate the pulmonary veins and left atrium in adults with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac MRI. Institutional ethics committee approved the study. 21 consecutive adult patients (14 female, 7 male patients, mean age 28 years) with known congenital heart disease who underwent a cardiac MRI were included. Post-processing of the TR-MRA sequences created novel "subtracted" datasets. Two independent observers reviewed the conventional TWIST and novel subtracted TWIST data sets in source and maximum intensity projection (MIP) coronal reformats to assess visualization of the pulmonary veins and left atrium based on a 5-point scale. Quantitative signal to noise (SNR) comparison was performed. TR-MRA yielded diagnostic image data in 20/21 patients (95.2%). The novel "subtracted" TR-MRA technique improved visualization of the pulmonary veins and left atrium compared to the source TR-MRA sequence in 16/20 patients (mean scores 3.34 ± 0.69 vs. 2.92 ± 0.69, p < 0.008). Further improved visualization of the pulmonary veins and left atrium was observed in the subtracted MIP TWIST sequences compared to the MIP TWIST images (mean scores 4.43 ± 0.80 vs. 3.02 ± 0.87 vs., p < 0.001). No significant SNR difference between the source and novel subtracted group was observed (85.4 vs. 70.4, p = 0.57). Compared to source TR-MRA images, subtraction of TR-MRA images is a novel postprocessing technique that improves visualization of the pulmonary veins and left atrium in a substantial number of patients.

Proceedings of resources for optimal care of acute care and emergency surgery consensus summit Donegal Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Opportunities to improve emergency surgery outcomes exist through guided better practice and reduced variability. Few attempts have been made to define optimal care in emergency surgery, and few clinically derived key performance indicators (KPIs) have been published. A summit was therefore convened to look at resources for optimal care of emergency surgery. The aim of the Donegal Summit was to set a platform in place to develop guidelines and KPIs in emergency surgery. METHODS: The project had multidisciplinary global involvement in producing consensus statements regarding emergency surgery care in key areas, and to assess feasibility of producing KPIs that could be used to monitor process and outcome of care in the future. RESULTS: Forty-four key opinion leaders in emergency surgery, across 7 disciplines from 17 countries, composed evidence-based position papers on 14 key areas of emergency surgery and 112 KPIs in 20 acute conditions or emergency systems. CONCLUSIONS: The summit was successful in achieving position papers and KPIs in emergency surgery. While position papers were limited by non-graded evidence and non-validated KPIs, the process set a foundation for the future advancement of emergency surgery.

The impact of contemporary multidisciplinary meetings on workload at a tertiary level hospital.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs) have become the standard of patient care in oncologic and other speciality care pathways. The number, complexity, and diverse source of imaging studies presented continue to expand rapidly. True multidisciplinary input requires parallel support from other colleagues and diagnostic services. It is now recognised that this is the appropriate forum for key decision making and education in care algorithms, though service plans make little or no accommodation of their expanding role in addition to existing services. AIMS: We tried to objectively quantify one element of this burgeoning service. METHODS: Data were retrospectively gathered over a 6 month period, and a 5 week prospective study was then performed to examine the workload in further detail. RESULTS: Retrospectively, 199 meetings were held with 2253 clinical cases reviewed over 26 weeks. Prospectively, 52 meetings were held over 5 weeks for 13 clinical specialty areas. There were 1038 clinical case discussions. There were a total of 2122 documented individual imaging studies reviewed. Specialist registrar preparation time was 55 h (11 per week). Consultant preparation time was 67.75 h (13.55 per week). Delivery time was 57.25 h (11.45 per week). CONCLUSION: The complexity and range of cases at MDMs continue to expand, serving local and national needs, though service plans do not acknowledge their role in the working day. Our study shows just one element that clearly signals a need to take account of the new methods of delivering modern healthcare.

An unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction-incomplete annular pancreas.

Annular pancreas (AP) is a developmental disorder uncommonly suspected in adults. We report a case presenting with signs and symptoms of progressive gastric outlet obstruction. The diagnosis was suggested on pre-operative imaging and confirmed at laparotomy where the patient was successfully treated with a bypass procedure.

Use of colour duplex ultrasound as a first line surveillance tool following EVAR is associated with a reduction in cost without compromising accuracy.

INTRODUCTION: CT scanning remains the postoperative surveillance imaging modality of choice following EVAR. Concerns regarding cost, exposure to ionising radiation and intravenous contrast have led to a search for a less expensive, equally efficacious and safer method of monitoring EVAR patients after endograft deployment. This study evaluated the cost saving obtained if CDUS was employed as a first line surveillance tool following EVAR, as well as comparing the two entities in terms of efficacy. PATIENTS & METHODS: Postoperative surveillance CTs and CDUS scans in the 145 patients who have undergone EVAR from 1st June 2003 to 1st July 2010 were compared for the detection of endoleak and determination of residual sac size. RESULTS: Adopting a protocol where CDUS was employed as the first line surveillance tool following EVAR would result in a reduction in the number of postoperative CTs required in 2010 from 235 to 36. Based on 2010 costings, this would equate to an estimated reduction in expenditure from €117,500 to €34,915 a saving of €82,585. CDUS had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85% in the detection of endoleaks compared to CT. The positive predictive value was 28% and negative predictive value 100%. The Pearson Coefficient correlation of 0.96 indicates a large degree of correlation between CDUS and CT when measuring residual aneurysm size following EVAR. CONCLUSION: CDUS can replace CT as the first line surveillance tool following EVAR. This is associated with a significant reduction in the cost of surveillance without any loss of imaging accuracy.

Variations in anatomy of the middle hepatic vein and their impact on formal right hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the incidence of variations of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) branches and their impact on formal right hepatectomy for living-donor liver transplantation. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients who underwent hepatic multidetector row computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Three-dimensional volume rendering techniques were used to evaluate the different branching patterns of the MHV. An incision plane was constructed to simulate a formal hepatectomy along Cantlie's line, immediately to the right of the MHV. The number of transected vessels was recorded by consensus of two observers. RESULTS: In 11 patients (22%) the MHV had no major (>5 mm) branches. In 15 patients (30%) a major branch was seen draining the right lobe, and in 10 patients (20%) a major branch was seen draining each lobe. In five patients (10%) two major branches were seen draining the right lobe and a single branch draining the left lobe. The remaining nine patients (18%) had other variations, including one patient (2%) with the right hepatic vein arising from the MHV. A formal hepatectomy along Cantlie's line was truly avascular in 15 patients (30%). CONCLUSION: A formal right hepatectomy can be performed without transecting major branches of the MHV in one-third of patients. In the remaining two-thirds, one or more major branch of the MHV will need be transected. Preoperative knowledge of these variations is critical for surgical planning.

Conjoined twins: multiorgan system evaluation by multidetector CT and 3D volume rendering.

Conjoined twins, though uncommon, continue to present some of the most challenging questions for current diagnosis and therapy. The myriad of presentations demands a thorough multisystemic imaging evaluation before fully informed therapeutic and ethical decisions can be made. We present an unusual case of asymmetric omphaloischiopagus conjoined twins who were evaluated by multidetector CT and 3D volume rendering. This single technique can provide a large amount of information from a single study that can negate the need for some other imaging tests and can complement those other tests that remain necessary. We would suggest that when a CT examination is considered to evaluate this condition, an imaging interpretation that is independent of acquisition plane and that has multisystem versatility should be considered.

Celiomesenteric anomaly demonstration by multidetector CT and volume rendering.

Preoperative knowledge of vascular anomalies is critical to planning a surgical approach. We present a case of celiomesenteric anomaly. Multidetector CT and volume rendering give high quality angiograms and a multitude of perspectives that facilitate depiction and understanding of such anomalies.

Multi-detector row CT of thoracic disease with emphasis on 3D volume rendering and CT angiography.

Multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) with three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering provides a unique perspective on thoracic anatomy and disease. Multi-detector row CT allows shorter acquisition times, greater coverage, and superior image resolution. Three-dimensional volume rendering now permits real-time, interactive modification of relative pixel attenuation in an infinite number of planes and projections. In vascular imaging, this technique provides image quality that equals or surpasses that of conventional angiography. Its use has expanded to aid in diagnosis and surgical planning, often obviating conventional or digital angiography and reducing costs. It is reliable in depicting clot and the pulmonary vasculature and may also be used to evaluate thoracic venous anomalies (eg, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations) and to plan therapy. Airway imaging with multi-detector row CT with 3D volume rendering is particularly useful in the planning and follow-up of stent placement. In diffuse lung disease, this technique can increase nodule detection and help differentiate between small nodules and vessels. It is also helpful in imaging the musculoskeletal system and the thoracic cage. Multi-detector row CT with 3D volume rendering has enhanced the conventional roles of thoracic CT and challenged the supremacy of other imaging modalities. It will likely play a leading role in future radiologic research and practice.

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of a series of novel aryloxylepidines.

A series of novel (hetero) aryloxylepidine derivatives was devised as hybrid structures of the phenoxyquinoline and phenethoxyquin(az)oline fungicides. Synthesis of these targets required the development of several new routes to derivatised 4-hydroxymethylquinolines, and subsequent coupling with phenols or haloarenes. The aryloxylepidines generally showed moderate broad-spectrum fungicidal activity across several diseases of cereals. Substitution of the quinoline ring with chlorine at the 7- and/or 5-positions gave molecules with high levels of protectant activity against Erysiphe graminis f sp tritici (powdery mildew of wheat), but this did not improve the level of fungicidal activity against other diseases. In vitro activity against mitochondrial electron transport complex I (MET) derived from Ustilago maydis showed that 8-fluorolepidine analogues were moderately active at this target site, while the more fungicidally active 7- and 5,7-substituted compounds were inactive. This indicates that MET is not the primary target of these highly active powdery mildewicides.

Results of and comments on the 2000 survey of the American Association of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The American Association of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A3CR2) annually surveys radiology residency programs on issues related to training. The objective is to highlight national similarities, differences, and trends to help programs establish standards and improve residency training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to 180 accredited diagnostic radiology residency training programs in the United States. The survey covered the usual general topics and more specific topics considered every 4 years; for 2000 the latter were on-call issues and the chief residency year. RESULTS: Completed surveys were returned from 63 programs (35%). Important findings included increased caseload and call commitments, especially for smaller programs. Resident salaries appear to have increased more than the consumer price index. Nonemergent after-hour coverage and teleradiology are now a large part of the resident work practice. Women continue to be underrepresented, with a trend downward. Chief residents are more involved in organizing preparation for board examinations and have greater office facilities and more administrative duties. CONCLUSION: This survey provided useful insights. All levels of residency face increased workloads. On-call hours have not changed, but the work has intensified and the use of teleradiology has increased. Many programs have adopted a "night-float" system, and nonemergent after-hours coverage should be considered in any program evaluation. Continued vigilance and sustained efforts are required to ensure that radiology is considered as a specialty by both men and women. With increased demands on attending physicians' time, chief residents may need to take on more administrative responsibilities.

Postoperative rupture of the right ventricular free wall with transthoracic leak: multidetector CT findings.

Right ventricular free-wall rupture may complicate sternal-splitting operations but may be clinically occult. Awareness of this entity and the CT imaging features may help avert a potentially catastrophic outcome.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-induced hepatotoxicity: multidetector CT and pathology findings.

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy") abuse may cause severe hepatotoxicity. The computed tomography and pathologic findings of such a case are described.