ABSTRACT
A new compound, nigronapthaphenyl, was extracted from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from a mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhyza. The structure of the compound was elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data. It was tested in vitro for its antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and for its ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Nigronapthaphenyl showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis TISTR 088 and Bacillus cereus TISTR 688 with MIC values of 4 and 2 µg/mL respectively. Cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell line HCT 116 was found to be an IC50 value of 9.62 ± 0.5 µM . This further showed potential anti-inflammatory activity amounting to an IC50 of 6.2 ± 0.5 µM and also α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 6.9 ± 0.5 µM.
ABSTRACT
Cowabenzophenone A was isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus isolated from a mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhyza. The structure was determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data as a tetracyclo[7.3.3.33,11.03,7]tetradecane-2,12,14-trione skeleton. When the compound was tested in vitro for its ability to inhibit inflammations, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and its antimicrobial properties, it showed an anti-inflammatory activity amounting to an IC50 of 12.1 µg/mL, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 0.5 µM, and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis TISTR 088, and Bacillus cereus TISTR 688 with MIC values of 1 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL respectively. The compound showed cytotoxicity against HCT 116 colon cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 10.1 ?M, and also showed a considerably high potential towards anti-filarial activities by resulting MIC, IC50 and LC50 values of 0.358 ± 0.02 mg/mL, 0.708 ± 0.021 mg/mL and 3.89 ± 0.18 mg/mL, respectively, in comparison to the standard drug Ivermectin (IVM).
ABSTRACT
Muscle damage is a common response to unaccustomed eccentric exercise; however, the effects of skeletal muscle damage on local vascular function and blood flow are poorly understood. This study examined serial local vascular responses to flow-mediated (endothelial-dependent) and nitroglycerin-mediated (endothelial-independent) dilation in the brachial artery after strenuous eccentric exercise and serially assessed resting blood flow. Ten healthy males performed 50 maximal eccentric unilateral arm contractions to induce muscle damage to the biceps brachii. Changes in maximal isometric strength and vascular responses were assessed 1, 24, 48, and 96 h after exercise. Mean blood velocities and arterial diameters, measured with Doppler ultrasound, were used to calculate blood flow and shear stress (expressed as area under the curve). Eccentric exercise resulted in impaired maximal isometric strength for up to 96 h (p < 0.001). Reductions in flow-mediated dilation (before exercise, 9.4% ± 2.6%; 1 h after exercise, 5.1% ± 2.2%) and nitroglycerin responses (before exercise, 26.3% ± 6.5%; 1 h after exercise, 20.7% ± 4.7%) were observed in the 1 h after exercise and remained lower for 96 h (p < 0.05). The shear stress response was attenuated immediately after exercise and remained impaired for 48 h (p < 0.05). Resting blood pressure and muscle blood flow remained similar throughout the study. Results suggest that muscle damage from eccentric exercise leads to impaired local endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function. Lower shear stress after exercise might contribute to the observed reduction in flow-mediated dilation responses, but the mechanism responsible for the attenuated endothelial-independent vasodilation remains unclear.
