ABSTRACT
N-tert-Butyl isoquine (4) (GSK369796) is a 4-aminoquinoline drug candidate selected and developed as part of a public-private partnership between academics at Liverpool, MMV, and GSK pharmaceuticals. This molecule was rationally designed based on chemical, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic considerations and was selected based on excellent activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodent malaria parasites in vivo. The optimized chemistry delivered this novel synthetic quinoline in a two-step procedure from cheap and readily available starting materials. The molecule has a full industry standard preclinical development program allowing first into humans to proceed. Employing chloroquine (1) and amodiaquine (2) as comparator molecules in the preclinical plan, the first preclinical dossier of pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and safety pharmacology has also been established for the 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial class. These studies have revealed preclinical liabilities that have never translated into the human experience. This has resulted in the availability of critical information to other drug development teams interested in developing antimalarials within this class.
Subject(s)
Aminoquinolines/pharmacology , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Benzylamines/pharmacology , Aminoquinolines/chemical synthesis , Aminoquinolines/chemistry , Aminoquinolines/pharmacokinetics , Aminoquinolines/toxicity , Amodiaquine/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/pharmacokinetics , Antimalarials/toxicity , Benzylamines/chemical synthesis , Benzylamines/chemistry , Benzylamines/toxicity , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Resistance , Female , Haplorhini , Heme/chemistry , Humans , Malaria/drug therapy , Mice , Models, Molecular , Plasmodium berghei/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Plasmodium yoelii , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Five and six ring a-phosphono lactams 14-20 are available by reaction of 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates respectively with enolates derived from ethyl dialkylphosphonoacetates 3 and 4. Subsequent Wadsworth-Emmons olefination provides the enantiomerically pure exo-alkylidene variants e.g. 25, which is efficiently converted to vinyl triflate 29 (> 98% ee). Suzuki coupling of 29 to a range of aryl and vinyl boronic acids leads to a structurally diverse range of pyrrolidinones exemplified by 30 and 34. The degree of epimerisation at the base-sensitive C(5) stereocentre during the Suzuki coupling of 29 is shown to be dependent on both the nature of the aryl boronic acid and the reaction conditions used.
Subject(s)
Ketones/chemistry , Lactams/chemical synthesis , Organophosphonates/chemistry , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Cyclization , Lactams/chemistry , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A structurally representative series of 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates react with enolates derived from methyl alpha-phenylthioacetate 9b to give 5- and 6-substituted alpha-phenylthio lactams 20-24. These products provide, via the corresponding sulfoxides, an entry to alpha,beta-unsaturated lactams e.g. 12, 27, 29 and their alpha-phenylthio analogues e.g. 26 and 30. With the enantiomerically pure 1,2-cyclic sulfamidates 10, 15 and 17, these reactions all proceed with no detectable loss of stereochemical integrity.
Subject(s)
Lactams/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/chemistry , Glycolates/chemistry , Lactams/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Sulfonic Acids/chemistryABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] A protocol for the enantioselective nitro-Mannich coupling between alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic p-methoxybenzylimines and trimethylsilylnitropropanate catalyzed by a chiral tBu-BOX Cu(II) catalyst is described. It uses the lowest reported loading of commercially available metal catalyst and chiral ligand, and gives the highest yields and selectivities for a broad substrate range including nonaromatic aldimines. The resultant beta-nitroamines are obtained in 70-94% enantiomeric excess in good yield and can be readily reduced to synthetically useful 1,2-diamines.
ABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] A structurally diverse series of mono- and disubstituted 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates react with stabilized enolates, including malonate and phosphonoacetate variants, to provide, after lactamization, substituted and alpha-functionalized pyrrolidinone and piperidinone derivatives.
ABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] 1,2-Cyclic sulfamidates undergo regiospecific nucleophilic displacement with either methyl thioglycolate or alpha-amino esters, followed by lactamization (thermal, base-mediated, or cyanide-catalyzed), to give thiomorpholin-3-ones and piperazin-2-ones.
