Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 45
Filter
1.
Mol Psychiatry ; 18(3): 340-6, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22212596

ABSTRACT

We conducted a systematic study of top susceptibility variants from a genome-wide association (GWA) study of bipolar disorder to gain insight into the functional consequences of genetic variation influencing disease risk. We report here the results of experiments to explore the effects of these susceptibility variants on DNA methylation and mRNA expression in human cerebellum samples. Among the top susceptibility variants, we identified an enrichment of cis regulatory loci on mRNA expression (eQTLs), and a significant excess of quantitative trait loci for DNA CpG methylation, hereafter referred to as methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs). Bipolar disorder susceptibility variants that cis regulate both cerebellar expression and methylation of the same gene are a very small proportion of bipolar disorder susceptibility variants. This finding suggests that mQTLs and eQTLs provide orthogonal ways of functionally annotating genetic variation within the context of studies of pathophysiology in brain. No lymphocyte mQTL enrichment was found, suggesting that mQTL enrichment was specific to the cerebellum, in contrast to eQTLs. Separately, we found that using mQTL information to restrict the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms studied enhances our ability to detect a significant association. With this restriction a priori informed by the observed functional enrichment, we identified a significant association (rs12618769, P(bonferroni)<0.05) from two other GWA studies (TGen+GAIN; 2191 cases and 1434 controls) of bipolar disorder, which we replicated in an independent GWA study (WTCCC). Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of integrating functional annotation of genetic variants for gene expression and DNA methylation to advance the biological understanding of bipolar disorder.


Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , DNA Methylation/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics , Cerebellum/metabolism , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Methylation , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
2.
Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet ; 156B(5): 569-80, 2011 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21595007

ABSTRACT

To examine if ethnic differences in concerns about unfavorable consequences from psychiatric genetic studies, existing between non-Hispanic Black and White populations, persist among participants in an actual genetic study of bipolar disorder. Historically, minority subjects have been less willing to participate in such studies. Participants in the US Bipolar Genome Study (BIGS) were assessed on six items of concerns in the Questionnaire on Genetic Risk (QGR). Each item had five response categories, ranging from "not at all" concerned to "very concerned." Responses from Black (N = 188) and White participants (N = 1,065) formed the base for this analysis. Concerns about unfavorable consequences of conducting psychiatric genetic studies were prevalent in the whole sample. Concern for medical insurance was most prevalent (63.4%), followed by job concern (58.8%) and stigma (57.4%). Racial discrimination was less prevalent (28.1%). Blacks endorsed significantly stronger concerns for all consequences except the medical insurance item (P < 0.008). The most significant ethnic disparity in concerns was for racial discrimination (P < 0.0001). Associations between levels of concern and ethnicity remained significant after adjustments for other factors in multivariate models. Ethnic differences (Blacks vs. Whites) in perceived concerns about unfavorable consequences from participation persist among participants in an actual psychiatric genetic study. This suggests that other factors may play a more critical role in the decision not to participate. Future studies should investigate more comprehensive sources of barriers to consenting for ongoing psychiatric genetic studies in representative samples, incorporating assessments from non-participants as well as participants.


Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Adult , Black or African American/ethnology , Attitude/ethnology , Bipolar Disorder/ethnology , Employment , Female , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Insurance, Health , Male , Middle Aged , Perception/ethics , Prejudice , Privacy , Public Opinion , Risk , Surveys and Questionnaires , White People
3.
Mol Psychiatry ; 16(2): 193-201, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20125088

ABSTRACT

A genome-wide association study was carried out in 1020 case subjects with recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) (onset before age 31) and 1636 control subjects screened to exclude lifetime MDD. Subjects were genotyped with the Affymetrix 6.0 platform. After extensive quality control procedures, 671 424 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 25 068 X chromosome SNPs with minor allele frequency greater than 1% were available for analysis. An additional 1 892 186 HapMap II SNPs were analyzed based on imputed genotypic data. Single-SNP logistic regression trend tests were computed, with correction for ancestry-informative principal component scores. No genome-wide significant evidence for association was observed, assuming that nominal P<5 × 10(-8) approximates a 5% genome-wide significance threshold. The strongest evidence for association was observed on chromosome 18q22.1 (rs17077540, P=1.83 × 10(-7)) in a region that has produced some evidence for linkage to bipolar-I or -II disorder in several studies, within an mRNA detected in human brain tissue (BC053410) and approximately 75 kb upstream of DSEL. Comparing these results with those of a meta-analysis of three MDD GWAS data sets reported in a companion article, we note that among the strongest signals observed in the GenRED sample, the meta-analysis provided the greatest support (although not at a genome-wide significant level) for association of MDD to SNPs within SP4, a brain-specific transcription factor. Larger samples will be required to confirm the hypothesis of association between MDD (and particularly the recurrent early-onset subtype) and common SNPs.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Adult , Aged , Chromosome Mapping , Europe , Female , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Microarray Analysis/methods , Middle Aged , Recurrence , Sex Factors , Sp4 Transcription Factor/genetics
4.
Mol Psychiatry ; 16(2): 202-15, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20038947

ABSTRACT

We report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of major depressive disorder (MDD) in 1221 cases from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study and 1636 screened controls. No genome-wide evidence for association was detected. We also carried out a meta-analysis of three European-ancestry MDD GWAS data sets: STAR*D, Genetics of Recurrent Early-onset Depression and the publicly available Genetic Association Information Network-MDD data set. These data sets, totaling 3957 cases and 3428 controls, were genotyped using four different platforms (Affymetrix 6.0, 5.0 and 500 K, and Perlegen). For each of 2.4 million HapMap II single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using genotyped data where available and imputed data otherwise, single-SNP association tests were carried out in each sample with correction for ancestry-informative principal components. The strongest evidence for association in the meta-analysis was observed for intronic SNPs in ATP6V1B2 (P=6.78 x 10⁻7), SP4 (P=7.68 x 10⁻7) and GRM7 (P=1.11 x 10⁻6). Additional exploratory analyses were carried out for a narrower phenotype (recurrent MDD with onset before age 31, N=2191 cases), and separately for males and females. Several of the best findings were supported primarily by evidence from narrow cases or from either males or females. On the basis of previous biological evidence, we consider GRM7 a strong MDD candidate gene. Larger samples will be required to determine whether any common SNPs are significantly associated with MDD.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study , Adolescent , Adult , Age of Onset , Aged , Europe , Female , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Genotype , Humans , Male , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Middle Aged , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Principal Component Analysis , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics , Sp4 Transcription Factor/genetics , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics , Young Adult
5.
Mol Psychiatry ; 14(8): 755-63, 2009 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19488044

ABSTRACT

To identify bipolar disorder (BD) genetic susceptibility factors, we conducted two genome-wide association (GWA) studies: one involving a sample of individuals of European ancestry (EA; n=1001 cases; n=1033 controls), and one involving a sample of individuals of African ancestry (AA; n=345 cases; n=670 controls). For the EA sample, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the strongest statistical evidence for association included rs5907577 in an intergenic region at Xq27.1 (P=1.6 x 10(-6)) and rs10193871 in NAP5 at 2q21.2 (P=9.8 x 10(-6)). For the AA sample, SNPs with the strongest statistical evidence for association included rs2111504 in DPY19L3 at 19q13.11 (P=1.5 x 10(-6)) and rs2769605 in NTRK2 at 9q21.33 (P=4.5 x 10(-5)). We also investigated whether we could provide support for three regions previously associated with BD, and we showed that the ANK3 region replicates in our sample, along with some support for C15Orf53; other evidence implicates BD candidate genes such as SLITRK2. We also tested the hypothesis that BD susceptibility variants exhibit genetic background-dependent effects. SNPs with the strongest statistical evidence for genetic background effects included rs11208285 in ROR1 at 1p31.3 (P=1.4 x 10(-6)), rs4657247 in RGS5 at 1q23.3 (P=4.1 x 10(-6)), and rs7078071 in BTBD16 at 10q26.13 (P=4.5 x 10(-6)). This study is the first to conduct GWA of BD in individuals of AA and suggests that genetic variations that contribute to BD may vary as a function of ancestry.


Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Black or African American/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study , Adolescent , Adult , Bipolar Disorder/ethnology , Case-Control Studies , Cohort Studies , Female , Genome, Human , Haplotypes , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Reference Values , White People , Young Adult
6.
Mol Psychiatry ; 14(4): 376-80, 2009 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19114987

ABSTRACT

An overall burden of rare structural genomic variants has not been reported in bipolar disorder (BD), although there have been reports of cases with microduplication and microdeletion. Here, we present a genome-wide copy number variant (CNV) survey of 1001 cases and 1034 controls using the Affymetrix single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 6.0 SNP and CNV platform. Singleton deletions (deletions that appear only once in the dataset) more than 100 kb in length are present in 16.2% of BD cases in contrast to 12.3% of controls (permutation P=0.007). This effect was more pronounced for age at onset of mania

Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome, Human/genetics , Sequence Deletion/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Dosage , Genome-Wide Association Study , Genotype , Humans , Male , Odds Ratio , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods , Risk
7.
Psychiatry Res ; 83(2): 105-15, 1998 Aug 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9818736

ABSTRACT

Schizophrenia is a disorder with an unclear pathophysiology, despite numerous attempts to elucidate its etiology. We have employed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo to explore the neurochemistry of several brain regions (left frontal and temporal cortices, left basal ganglia, and left and right thalamus) in patients with schizophrenia and in normal control subjects. We have also examined patients in different medication states. A trend toward a decreased level of inositol/creatine was found in the left temporal lobe of patients with schizophrenia, as was a trend toward a reduced level of N-acetylaspartate/creatine in the left thalamus of patients. In schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, decreased levels of choline were found in the left basal ganglia, while increased levels of N-acetylaspartate were found in the left frontal cortex. These results suggest altered metabolism in patients with schizophrenia, and imply that further study is needed to clarify the effects of the more recently available antipsychotics.


Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , Schizophrenia/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Aspartic Acid/metabolism , Basal Ganglia/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Choline/metabolism , Creatine/metabolism , Frontal Lobe/metabolism , Humans , Inositol/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Middle Aged , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Temporal Lobe/metabolism , Thalamus/metabolism
8.
Clin Neuropharmacol ; 19(5): 415-9, 1996 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8889284

ABSTRACT

Concentrations of pros-methylimidazoleacetic acid (p-MIAA) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid of 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Levels of p-MIAA correlated negatively with mean scores of the Psychiatric Symptom Assessment Scale for positive symptoms (r = -0.48), but not negative symptoms, and with ventricular brain ratios (r = -0.48). Patients with abnormal ventricular enlargements had much lower concentrations of p-MIAA than those with normal ventricles. These results suggest that processes that reduce accumulation of p-MIAA in CSF may be associated with increased severity of symptoms among patients with chronic schizophrenia.


Subject(s)
Cerebral Ventricles/metabolism , Imidazoles/cerebrospinal fluid , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/cerebrospinal fluid , Schizophrenia/urine , Adult , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Regression Analysis , Urine
9.
Mt Sinai J Med ; 63(5-6): 301-5, 1996.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8898531

ABSTRACT

Recent research and clinical experience has shown that African Americans may be at greater risk for inappropriate treatment. Such experiences can interact negatively with an existing distrust of the mental health system. Providers may show different prescribing patterns with racial and ethnic minorities: they may overuse antipsychotics, dispense higher dosages, and more commonly give involuntary treatment, which results in more side effects and a poorer outcome. Conversely, they may underuse other psychotropic medications, especially for anxiety and affective disorders, which are underdiagnosed in minorities. Recent research suggests that ethnic differences may exist in pharmacokinetics, and so different dosing strategies may be necessary. Not surprisingly African Americans in distress are more likely to seek initial treatment outside of the mental health system, seek treatment later in the course of the illness, complain more about side effects, and terminate treatment earlier. Cultural as well as socioeconomic factors must be considered. Newer pharmacological agents may be potentially more helpful for minorities because they are better tolerated, have better side effect profiles, and demonstrate better efficacy. However, African Americans have limited access to these agents. Education of providers and patients, policy changes in the public sector, wider implementation of research policies concerning inclusion of minorities, and different marketing strategies by pharmaceutical concerns are probably necessary to maximize pharmacotherapy of minorities.


Subject(s)
Black or African American , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Attitude of Health Personnel , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/ethnology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology , United States
10.
Schizophr Res ; 19(2-3): 171-6, 1996 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8789915

ABSTRACT

Concentrations of norepinephrine and metabolites of biogenic amines were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia, nine of whom were polyuric. The mean level of norepinephrine was two-fold higher (p < or = 0.025) in polyuric patients than in patients whose excretion of urine was within the normal range. CSF levels of histamine's primary metabolite, tele-methylhistamine, an index of brain histaminergic activity, were positively correlated (p < 0.005) with daily urine volume. These results are consistent with the known influence of norepinephrine and histamine on fluid regulation and suggest that norepinephrine and histamine may be involved in psychogenic polydipsia-polyuria in schizophrenic patients.


Subject(s)
Biogenic Amines/cerebrospinal fluid , Norepinephrine/cerebrospinal fluid , Polyuria/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/cerebrospinal fluid , Adult , Chronic Disease , Drinking/physiology , Female , Histamine/cerebrospinal fluid , Homovanillic Acid/cerebrospinal fluid , Humans , Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/cerebrospinal fluid , Male , Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/cerebrospinal fluid , Methylhistamines/cerebrospinal fluid , Middle Aged , Reference Values , Schizophrenia/diagnosis
11.
Psychopharmacol Bull ; 32(2): 275-81, 1996.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8783898

ABSTRACT

African-Americans have poorer outcomes than Caucasians in general health and mental health systems possibly due to lesser access to services, particularly pharmacotherapy in mental health systems. A review of the literature revealed that African-Americans are more likely to be overdiagnosed as having a psychotic illness. Consequently, antipsychotic medication may be overprescribed. Poorer patient compliance, delays in seeking treatment, higher prescribed dosages, and more PRN use of medication by providers add to racial differences in treatment outcome. African-Americans also are reported to be at a greater risk than Caucasians for medication side effects and adverse consequences. These problems may be exacerbated by ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics. Newer pharmacological agents may be more helpful for minorities because they are better tolerated, produce fewer side effects, and have better efficacy. However, African-Americans still are underrepresented in clinical trials and have limited access to these agents. Race and ethnicity need to be considered in maximizing pharmacotherapy and to better understand treatment outcome.


Subject(s)
Black or African American , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Pharmacokinetics
12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8044044

ABSTRACT

Body weight was examined in chronic schizophrenic patients. Underweight medicated patients had normal ventricular brain ratios (VBRs) on CT. Overweight patients had both normal and abnormal VBRs. Weight decreased during neuroleptic withdrawal; caloric intake and weight increased when neuroleptics were reinstituted. Weight gain on neuroleptics correlated with symptom improvement independent of VBR or gender. Weight changes and psychosis in schizophrenia may be mediated by similar neurochemical systems.


Subject(s)
Haloperidol/administration & dosage , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Weight Gain/drug effects , Adult , Atrophy , Brain/drug effects , Brain/pathology , Cerebral Ventricles/drug effects , Cerebral Ventricles/pathology , Energy Intake/drug effects , Energy Intake/physiology , Female , Haloperidol/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Weight Gain/physiology
14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1557505

ABSTRACT

1. Patterns of fluid intake and urine output was examined in schizophrenia and normal controls. 2. Fluid intake and urine output were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients. 3. Bouts of drinking correlated significantly with fluid intake but did not differ significantly between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. 4. Schizophrenic patients drink more per bout compared to normal controls.


Subject(s)
Drinking Behavior/physiology , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Creatinine/urine , Female , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Urodynamics/physiology
15.
J Assoc Acad Minor Phys ; 3(1): 17-9, 1992.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1576455

ABSTRACT

Historically, affective disorders have been underdiagnosed among minorities, while schizophrenia is often overdiagnosed. Cultural differences in symptomatology, such as increased reports of auditory hallucinations, or language differences reportedly contribute to misdiagnoses in Hispanics. Consequently, we performed a thorough evaluation of Hispanic patients with a history of schizophrenia who remained diagnostic enigmas. Evaluation included the use of a Spanish-speaking interpreter, strict adherence to criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (revised), and the dexamethasone suppression test. Five patients met criteria for major depression, and all but one were properly classified using the dexamethasone suppression test. Careful evaluation is needed with appropriate cultural and diagnostics support to avoid missing depression in Hispanics. The dexamethasone suppression test may be a useful adjunct in some difficult-to-diagnose patients.


Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Dexamethasone , Adult , Depression/blood , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Male , Radioimmunoassay , Retrospective Studies , Schizophrenia/diagnosis
17.
Int J Psychosom ; 38(1-4): 17-20, 1991.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1685726

ABSTRACT

Clonazepam was added to the neuroleptic regimen of 3 treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients with schizoaffective features. Manic symptoms improved but returned following discontinuation of clonazepam. The drug appears to benefit positive psychotic symptoms but worsens negative symptoms.


Subject(s)
Clonazepam/therapeutic use , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Chronic Disease , Clonazepam/pharmacokinetics , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Schizophrenia/blood , Single-Blind Method
18.
Psychiatry Res ; 29(1): 45-53, 1989 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2570429

ABSTRACT

We measured red blood cell (RBC) choline and plasma choline concentrations in 27 chronic schizophrenic inpatients and 23 normal controls. Both blood choline measures had a significant test-retest reliability in patients whose neuroleptic status remained unchanged over 1 month. RBC choline concentration was significantly lower in patients medicated with neuroleptics and cogentin. Patients with a low RBC choline and a low RBC/plasma choline ratio were on significantly higher doses of medication and had higher scores on the hostility/suspiciousness subscale of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. RBC choline increased when neuroleptics were discontinued. Blood choline measures were also compared among medication-free schizophrenic patients, inpatients with other diagnoses, and normal controls. No significant differences were seen among these groups for any choline measure, although the schizophrenic patients showed greater variability. Medication-free schizophrenic patients with such clinical factors as tardive dyskinesia and abnormalities on computed tomography contributed to this variability. Age was positively correlated with plasma choline.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Choline/blood , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Receptors, Cholinergic/drug effects , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Brain/drug effects , Chronic Disease , Female , Haloperidol/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/blood , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/blood
19.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 176(4): 207-12, 1988 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3351499

ABSTRACT

Twenty-seven chronic schizophrenic patients and nine other psychiatric patients closely matched in education were compared on the Halstead-Reitan Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The schizophrenic patients as a group showed significantly poorer performance on the WAIS (full scale: X +/- SD, 92.9 +/- 2.9 vs. 110.8 +/- 2.1, p less than .002) and the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB; Average Impairment Range = 2.1 +/- .2 vs. 1.12 +/- .06, p less than .003). In addition the schizophrenic patients did significantly worse than did nonschizophrenic patients on all WAIS subtests and scored in the impaired range on most HRB subtests. Computed axial tomography scans revealed large ventricles on nine schizophrenic patients and cortical atrophy on three others. Among schizophrenics, the enlarged ventricle group consistently scored the worst. No relationship was seen between neuropsychological test performance and degree of ongoing psychopathology as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. These findings are consistent with previous reports of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and are discussed in terms of regional localization. They provide additional evidence that the impairment is related to the disease process and that structural abnormalities are associated with the more severe condition.


Subject(s)
Dementia/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Atrophy/pathology , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/pathology , Cerebral Cortex/pathology , Cerebral Ventricles/pathology , Dementia/complications , Dementia/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/complications , Schizophrenia/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Wechsler Scales
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...