ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: TRAF7-related cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay (CAFDADD), a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by germline missense variants in the TRAF7 gene, exhibits heterogeneous clinical presentations. METHODS: We present a detailed description of 11 new TRAF7-related CAFDADD cases, featuring eight distinct variants, including a novel one. RESULTS: Phenotypic analysis and a comprehensive review of the 58 previously reported cases outline consistent clinical presentations, emphasizing dysmorphic features, developmental delay, endocrine manifestations, and cardiac defects. In this enlarged collection, novelties include a wider range of cognitive dysfunction, with some individuals exhibiting normal development despite early psychomotor delay. Communication challenges, particularly in expressive language, are prevalent, necessitating alternative communication methods. Autistic traits, notably rigidity, are observed in the cohort. Also, worth highlighting are hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and endocrine anomalies, including growth deficiency. Cardiac defects, frequently severe, pose early-life complications. Facial features, including arched eyebrows, contribute to the distinct gestalt. A novel missense variant, p.(Arg653Leu), further underscores the complex relationship between germline TRAF7 variants and somatic changes linked to meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive analysis expands the phenotypic spectrum, emphasizing the need for oncological evaluations and proposing an evidence-based schedule for clinical management. This study contributes to a better understanding of TRAF7-related CAFDADD, offering insights for improved diagnosis, intervention, and patient care.
Subject(s)
Developmental Disabilities , Heart Defects, Congenital , Phenotype , Humans , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Male , Female , Child , Child, Preschool , Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics , Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology , Infant , Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Mutation, Missense , AdolescentABSTRACT
Allan-Herndon-Dudley is an X-linked recessive syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the SLC16A2 gene. Clinical manifestations are a consequence of impaired thyroid metabolism and aberrant transport of thyroid hormones to the brain. Carrier females are generally asymptomatic and may show subtle symptoms of the disease. We describe a female with a complete Allan-Herndon-Dudley phenotype, carrying a de novo 543-kb deletion of the X chromosome. The deletion encompasses exon 1 of the SLC16A2 gene and JPX and FTX genes; it is known that the latter two genes participate in the X-inactivation process upregulating XIST gene expression. Subsequent studies in the patient demonstrated the preferential expression of the X chromosome with the JPX and FTX deletion.
Subject(s)
Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics , Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology , Muscle Hypotonia/genetics , Muscle Hypotonia/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/genetics , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Mutation/genetics , X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics , Brain/pathology , Child , Female , Humans , Mental Retardation, X-Linked/diagnosis , Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters/genetics , Muscle Hypotonia/diagnosis , Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis , Phenotype , Symporters/geneticsABSTRACT
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