Peanut allergy: risk factors, immune mechanisms, and best practices for oral immunotherapy success.

INTRODUCTION: Peanut oral immunotherapy (pOIT) is the only FDA-approved treatment for food allergy and its adoption amongst allergist immunologists and their patients is growing. pOIT is the subject of numerous clinical trials, however, the focus is often on treatment efficacy, safety, and tolerability, rather than identifying patients most likely to benefit from pOIT. Here, we review existing data on the clinical and immunological outcomes of pOIT that inform best practices for pOIT candidate selection. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we describe the natural history of peanut allergy, summarize immunological and clinical outcomes of pOIT at different ages, discuss the optimization of pOIT in key age groups, and finally suggest an ideal age range at which to initiate pOIT for best outcomes. EXPERT OPINION: pOIT is currently underutilized by patients and allergist-immunologists. Developing guidelines for selecting appropriate patients and optimizing treatment may help to increase access to pOIT. Many aspects of pOIT need additional study to further our understanding of the optimal timing to start pOIT, with careful consideration to clinical, immunological, and quality of life outcomes.

Remoción diferida de un tercer molar superior impulsado a la región infratemporal / Deferred removal of a third upper molar driven to the infratemporal region

La cirugía de los terceros molares retenidos puede ser considerada una intervención de rutina para el cirujano bucomaxilofacial. Como todo procedimien-to quirúrgico, puede presentar complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. Las más frecuentes son el dolor, edema, trismus, hemorragia y fracturas de las piezas dentarias a extraer, o de las tablas óseas. Pero tam-bién se pueden presentar otras complicaciones ines-peradas, como la impulsión o desplazamiento de la pieza dentaria a espacios anatómicos vecinos, entre los que podemos encontrar al espacio pterigomandi-bular, la celda submaxilar, el seno maxilar, el espacio infratemporal, según se trate de terceros molares retenidos inferiores o superiores. En el presente ar-tículo, se describe una situación clínica de un tercer molar superior, que fue accidentalmente impulsado a la región infratemporal, y removido en una segunda cirugía realizada 3 semanas después del primer in-tento de exodoncia. Se analizan también los estudios preoperatorios para su correcto diagnóstico, y las maniobras clínicas e instrumentales tendientes a po-sibilitar su remoción minimizando las complicaciones intra y postquirúrgicas (AU)

Surgery of retained third molars can be considered a routine intervention for the oral surgeon. Like any surgical procedure, it can present intra and posto-perative complications. The most frequent are pain, edema, trismus, hemorrhage and fractures of the teeth to be extracted or of the bone tables. But other unexpected complications can also occur, such as the impulsion or displacement of the tooth to neighbo-ring anatomical spaces, among which we can find the pterygomandibular space, the submaxillary cell, the maxillary sinus, the buccal space, the infratemporal space and the lateral pharyngeal space, depending on whether they are lower or upper retained third mo-lars. In this article, the clinical case of a third upper molar is described, which was accidentally driven to the infratemporal region, which was removed in a second surgery performed 3 weeks after the first attempt at exodontics. It should be noted the impor-tance of diagnostic imaging as an indispensable com-plement to the correct location of the displaced tooth and its subsequent removal (AU)

Utilización del colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat para el cierre inmediato de defectos quirúrgicos en el paladar. Reporte de dos casos / Use of the Bichat fat ball flap for immediate closure of surgical defects in the palate. Report of two cases

El objetivo fue describir la utilización del colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat en el cierre de defectos palatinos inmediato a la resección quirúrgica. Casos clínicos: el caso clínico número 1 (hombre de 60 años) se presentó a la consulta con un aumento de volumen en mucosa del paladar blando, de forma ovoidal, no dolorosa a la palpación, coloración similar de la mucosa del paladar, de 3 cm de diámetro y de 4 meses de evolución que le incomoda para hablar y alimentarse. El caso clínico número 2 (hombre de 61 años) concurre a la consulta con una lesión en maxilar superior a nivel del paladar con diagnóstico patológico de adenoma pleomorfo. En ambos casos, se realizó la resección tumoral y la reconstrucción inmediata mediante el uso de bola adiposa de Bichat. Los defectos fueron cubiertos solamente por el tejido adiposo mencionado, generando una restitución ad integrum de la mucosa oral, evolucionaron favorablemente, sin complicaciones postoperatorias y recuperando la función masticatoria en pocas semanas. El colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat debe ser considerado una alternativa para reparación de defectos postquirúrgicos gracias a su proximidad, disponibilidad, plasticidad y excelente vascularización, evitando así posibles secuelas relacionadas a la cicatrización secundaria.

The objective was to describe the use of the Bichat fat ball flap in the closure of palatal defects immediately after surgical resection. Clinical cases: clinical case number 1 (60-year-old man) presented to the consultation with an increase in volume of the soft palate mucosa, ovoid in shape, not painful on palpation, similar coloration of the palate mucosa, of 3 cm in diameter and 4 months of evolution that makes it uncomfortable to talk and feed. Clinical case number 2 (a 61-year-old man) attended the consultation with a lesion in the upper jaw at the level of the palate with a pathological diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. In both cases, tumor resection and immediate reconstruction were performed using a Bichat fat ball. The defects were covered only by the adipose tissue mentioned, generating a restitution ad integrum of the oral mucosa, they evolved favorably, without postoperative complications and recovering the masticatory function in a few weeks. The Bichat adipose ball flap should be considered an alternative for the repair of postsurgical defects thanks to its proximity, availability, plasticity and excellent vascularization, thus avoiding possible sequelae related to secondary healing.

Cervicofacial Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases. Dissemination of perioral infections is a common problem in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate S. aureus carriage in the oral cavity and its dissemination to different cervicofacial regions. Clinical case 1 is a patient with a systemic history of type I diabetes which led to foot amputation one year previou sly, who presented alteration of ocular motility and the culture showed Grampositive cocci compatible with S. aureus. The patient was discharged after eight days of antibiotic therapy and drainage. Clinical case 2 was a young female without any comorbidities who had never been hospitalized before or even exposed to the hospital environment. The presence of lesions compatible with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in the lower lip mucosal region, rapid evolution of the infection to deep planes, and evolution of the clinical picture alerted health-care providers to the need for prompt care. Clinical case 3 was an immunosuppressed patient with cellulitis which is a bacterial infection of the skin and soft tissues that occurs when the physical barrier of the skin and soft tissues, the immune system, and/or the circulatory system are affected. S. aureus is an opportunistic pathogen which causes a wide range of diseases. It inhabits the oral cavity, from where it can spread to distant cervicofacial regions. This is why it is important for health-care professionals to be aware of this niche in case of dissemination in order to provide prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Manejo y tratamiento quirúrgico de infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus / Surgical management and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections

Objetivo: La diseminación de las infecciones periorales es un problema habitual en el área de la cirugía bucomaxilofacial, por eso es necesario concientizar acerca de la portación de Staphylococcus aureus en cavidad bucal y su diseminación. Caso clínico: Un paciente femenino, de 31 años de edad, sin antecedentes sistémicos, concurrió con fiebre, edema, eritema y dolor en el maxilar inferior, de 5 días de evolución. La mucosa labial inferior presentaba una lesión de úlcera con bordes eritematosos, indurada y dolorosa. Se internó con diagnóstico presuntivo de fascitis necrotizante. Se indicó cultivo y cirugía de urgencia para el drenaje. El cultivo arrojó Staphylococcus aureus sensible a clindamicina y eritromicina, y resistente a oxacilina. Evolucionó favorablemente. Conclusión: Las infecciones espaciales profundas pueden tener una alta incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad. Comprender los microorganismos implicados en las infecciones y el perfil de sensibilidad ayudará a mejorar el régimen de tratamiento, mientras que la incisión y el drenaje urgente es el tratamiento primario seguro (AU)

Aim: Dissemination of pre-oral infections is a common problem in the area of oral-maxillofacial surgery. The objective of this article is to raise awareness about the carrying of Staphylococcus aureus in the mouth and its dissemination. Case report: A 31 years old female patient, with no systemic history, presented five day evolution fever, edema, erythema and pain in the lower jaw. The lower labial mucosa presented an ulcer lesion with erythematous borders, indurated and painful. She was hospitalized under necrotizing fasciitis presumptive diagnosis. Urgent culture and surgery were indicated for drainage. The culture indicated Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to clindamycin, erythromycin and oxacillin resistant. A favorable evolution followed. Conclusion: Deep space infections can have a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Understanding the microorganisms involved in them and their sensitivity profile helps for a better treatment regimen, while incision and urgent drainage is the safe primary treatment (AU)