Influence of different types of electromagnetic fields on skin reparatory processes in experimental animals.

Wound healing is a very complex process, some phases of which have only recently been explained. Magnetic and electromagnetic fields can modulate this process in a non-thermal way. The aim of this research was to compare the influence of constant and pulsed electromagnetic fields and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in experimental animals. The experiment was conducted on 120 laboratory rats divided into four groups of 30 animals each (constant electromagnetic field, pulsed electromagnetic field, LLLT and control group). It lasted for 21 days. Under the influence of the constant electromagnetic field the healing of the skin defect was accelerated in comparison with the control group. The difference was statistically significant in all the weeks of the experiment at the P < 0.01 level. Accelerated healing was also observed under the influence of the pulsed electromagnetic field (P < 0.05). In the group of animals exposed to LLLT, the healing of the skin defect was faster than in the control group. The statistical significance was at the P < 0.05 level. Different types of electromagnetic fields have a promoting effect on the wound healing process.

Photoperiodism as a modifier of effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on morphological properties of pineal gland.

The aim of our study was to determine, using histological and stereological methods, whether photoperiodism has any impact on the effects that chronic (three-month long) exposure to LF-EMF (50Hz) has on morphological characteristics on rat's pineal gland. The experiment was performed on 48 Mill Hill male rats (24 experimental and 24 control). Upon birth, 24 rats were exposed for 7h a day, 5 days a week for 3 months to LF-EMF (50 Hz, 50-500microT, 10V/m). In the winter (short days, long nights), the activity of the pineal gland and neuroendocrine sensitivity is increased. The study was performed both during summer and winter, following the identical protocol. After sacrifice of animals, samples of pineal gland were processed for HE staining and then were analyzed using the methods of stereology. The most significant changes in epiphysis in the first group of animals in wintertime are: altered glandular feature, hyperemia, reduced pinealocytes with pale pink, poor cytoplasm and irregular, stick-form nuclei. In the second group (II) pinealocytes are enlarged, with vacuolated cytoplasm and hyper chromatic, enlarged nucleus. Morphological changes of pineal gland at rats in the summertime were not as intense as in the winter and finding of the gland in the group II is compatible with those from the control group. Stereological results show both in winter and summer in the first group the decrease of volume density of pinealocytes, their cytoplasm and nuclei and in the second group in winter increase the volume density of pinealocytes, cytoplasm and nuclei, while in the second group the results in summertime are equal to those from the control group. Photoperiodism is modifier of effect of LF-EMF on morphological structure of pineal gland, because the gland recovery is incomplete in winter and reversible in summer.

[Emotional stress as an illness-related factor]. / Emocionalni stres kao faktor obolevanja.

INTRODUCTION: Emotions represent reactions of living organisms to changes of one's inner sphere, as well as to different factors from our surroundings. Emotions manifest in many ways. Failing to fulfill one's needs on chronic or acute basis leads to conflict situations. These needs may be either biological or social. Conflict situations occur prior to stress itself. EMOTIONAL STRESS: Modern technology development provides no friendly environment for workers, with many consequences causing psychosomatic disorders. Researches have been made to evaluate the amount of inflicted stress on patients. One of successful theories regarding this question is the theory of functional systems. The idea was to quantify processes of everyday living. PROPHYLAXIS AND REHABILITATION OF PERSONS EXPOSED TO EMOTIONAL STRESS: The primary goal was to measure one's adaptation abilities. In order to follow up these parameters a machine was created. This appliance can determine the level of stress, by measuring certain physiological parameters. That is way scientists may apply preventive measures in order to increase stress resistance. CONCLUSION: We differ hereditary and individual resistance to stress factors. That is why it is necessary to assess each patient individually. This type of individual approach offers an opportunity to create a specific program, in order to increase stress resistance.

[Low level laser irradiation and its effect on repair processes in the skin]. / Lasersko zracenje male snage i njegov uticaj na reparatorne procese koze.

INTRODUCTION: Application of laser beams for therapeutic purposes is of relatively recent date, but today there is no field of medicine where lasers cannot be used. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER RADIATION: Laser radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation with some specific characteristics such as coherence, monochromaticity and parallelity. TYPES OF LASER DEVICES: Nowadays, there are many laser devices on the market used in medicine and dentistry. According to the type of their active medium, lasers can be classified as solid, gas, semiconductor and liquid. EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: The exact mechanism of action of low level laser therapy is still not completely understood. Its basic feature is to modulate cell behaviour, without causing significant temperature increase. During irradiation of a tissue with a laser beam, an interaction between cells and photons takes place--photochemical reaction. After a cell absorbs the photon, the photon stops existing, and its energy is incorporated into the molecule which has absorbed it. Once this energy is transferred to different biomolecules, it can be transferred to other molecules as well. The energy transferred to the molecule can increase its kinetic energy, and activate or deactivate enzymes or alter physical or chemical properties of main macromolecules. EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY ON WOUND HEALING: Effects of low level laser therapy on wound healing process is one of the most fully studied aspects of this type of therapy. It affects all phases of this very complex process. This paper offers a more detailed analysis of these aspects.

[Ecological significance of electromagnetic fields: the 20th century--century of electricity, the 21st--century of magnetism]. / Ekoloski znacaj elektromagnetskih polja: 20 vek-vek elektriciteta, 21. vek-vek magnetizma.

INTRODUCTION: The biosphere consists of all ecosystems of earth and is characterized by electromagnetic fields of different frequencies. Physics and natural sciences and disciplines are focused on their origin and characteristics. NATURAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: There is a well defined idea that natural electromagnetic activity of the Earth's atmosphere throughout evolution led to appearance of electromagnetic homeostasis, i.e. maintenance of inner electromagnetic mileu. It can be supposed that during the evolution of living organisms natural electromagnetic fields were associated with biochemical processes and as a result of natural selection became an important information system and obligatory component of life. RESULTS: The results presented here show that there is no reason to doubt that natural electromagnetic fields are an important ecologic factor. On the contrary, we have to emphasize that natural electromagnetic environment is necessary for life on the Earth. Today intensity of artificial electromagnetic fields is ten to hundred times higher than of natural electromagnetic fields. CONCLUSION: Danger from electromagnetic fields is an acute and actual problem which increases knowing that there won't be a spot without artificial electromagnetic field on our planet.