ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recanalization and angiographic reperfusion are key elements to successful endovascular and interventional acute ischemic stroke (AIS) therapy. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), the only established revascularization therapy approved by the US Food & Drug Administration for AIS, may be less effective for large artery occlusion. Thus, there is enthusiasm for endovascular revascularization therapies, which likely provide higher recanalization rates, and trials are ongoing to determine clinical efficacy and compare various methods. It is anticipated that clinical efficacy will be well correlated with revascularization of viable tissue in a timely manner. METHOD: Reporting, interpretation, and comparison of the various revascularization grading methods require agreement on measurement criteria, reproducibility, ease of use, and correlation with clinical outcome. These parameters were reviewed by performing a Medline literature search from 1965 to 2011. This review critically evaluates current revascularization grading systems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The most commonly used revascularization grading methods in AIS interventional therapy trials are the thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia (TICI, pronounced "tissy") and thrombolysis in myocardial ischemia (TIMI) scores. Until further technical and imaging advances can incorporate real-time reliable perfusion studies in the angio-suite to delineate regional perfusion more accurately, the TICI grading system is the best defined and most widely used scheme. Other grading systems may be used for research and correlation purposes. A new scale that combines primary site occlusion, lesion location, and perfusion should be explored in the future.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia/pathology , Cerebral Revascularization/methods , Endovascular Procedures/methods , Severity of Illness Index , Stroke/pathology , Animals , Brain Ischemia/therapy , Humans , Stroke/therapy , Thrombolytic Therapy/methodsSubject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Alternative Splicing/genetics , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Exons/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology , Adult , Base Sequence , Canada , Carrier Proteins/chemistry , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Nucleolus/metabolism , DNA Mutational Analysis , Female , HeLa Cells , Humans , Male , Phenotype , Polyribosomes/genetics , Polyribosomes/metabolism , Protein Transport , Repressor Proteins , SyndromeABSTRACT
Here we report the cloning of two cDNAs, Snf2h and Snf2l, encoding the murine members of the Imitation Switch (ISWI) family of chromatin remodeling proteins. To gain insight into their function we examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Snf2h and Snf2l during development. In the brain, Snf2h is prevalent in proliferating cell populations whereas, Snf2l is predominantly expressed in terminally differentiated neurons after birth and in adult animals, concomitant with the expression of a neural specific isoform. Moreover, a similar proliferation/differentiation relationship of expression for these two genes was observed in the ovaries and testes of adult mice. These results are consistent with a role of Snf2h complexes in replication-associated nucleosome assembly and suggest that Snf2l complexes have distinct functions associated with cell maturation or differentiation.
Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Nuclear Proteins , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Aging , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Brain/embryology , Brain/growth & development , Cloning, Molecular , DNA Helicases , Embryonic and Fetal Development , Expressed Sequence Tags , Female , In Situ Hybridization , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Molecular Sequence Data , Neurons/metabolism , Ovary/metabolism , Placenta/metabolism , Pregnancy , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Testis/metabolism , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
We report the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a cdc2-related protein kinase, named PFTAIRE, that is expressed primarily in the postnatal and adult nervous system. We have demonstrated by in situ hybridization and indirect immunofluorescence that several populations of terminally differentiated neurons and some neuroglia expressed PFTAIRE mRNA and protein. In neurons, PFTAIRE protein was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cell bodies. The anatomical, cellular, and ontogenic patterns of PFTAIRE expression in the nervous system differed from those of p34cdc2 and cdk5, which are expressed in brain and several other mitotic tissues. Proteins of approximately 58-60 kDa coprecipitated specifically with PFTAIRE from cytosolic protein preparations of adult mouse brain and transfected cells. These proteins appeared to be the major endogenous substrates associated with this kinase activity. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of PFTAIRE in the postnatal and adult nervous system suggest that PFTAIRE kinase activity may be associated with the postmitotic and differentiated state of cells in the nervous system and that its function may be distinct from those of p34cdc2 and cdk5.
