Risk assessment of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from the formulas for infants and young children up to 36 months of age.

Esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3- monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), and glycidol are present in infant formulas, follow-on foods and similar compositions. They arise mainly from the vegetable oil content and may cause harmful effects in consumers. The contents of these substances in formulas were determined indirectly by converting the esters to the free form, followed by derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validation results demonstrate that the method had sufficient specificity and adequate accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for each of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE were 1.5 and 5 µg/kg, respectively. Formula intake by children up to 36 months of age was surveyed, and the data was used to assess the risks due to 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). The mean exposure dose of 3-MCPDE for different age groups ranged from 0.51 to 1.13 µg/kg bw per day. The corresponding mean GE exposure ranged from 0.031 to 0.069 µg/kg bw per day. Neither mean values nor the percentile 95% values of 3-MCPDE exposure doses exceed the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI).

Quantification, serovars, and antibiotic resistance of salmonella isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Vietnam.

The objectives of this study were to quantify Salmonella counts on retail raw poultry meat in Vietnam and to phenotypically characterize (serovars and antibiotic resistance) the isolates. A total of 300 chicken carcasses were collected from two cities and two provinces in Vietnam. Salmonella counts on the samples were determined according to the most-probable-number (MPN) method of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). A total of 457 isolates were serotyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Overall, 48.7% of chicken samples were Salmonella positive with a count of 2.0 log MPN per carcass. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in log MPN per carcass by the study variables (market type, storage condition, and chicken production system). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in Salmonella-positive prevalence by chicken production system. Among the 22 Salmonella serovars identified, Albany was the most frequent (34.1%), followed by Agona (15.5%) and Dabou (8.8%). Resistance to at least one antibiotic was common (i.e., 73.3%), with high resistance to tetracycline (59.1%) and ampicillin (41.6%). Resistance to three antibiotics was the most frequently found multidrug resistance profile (17.7%, n = 81); the profile that was resistant to the highest number of drugs was resistant to nine antibiotics (0.7%, n = 3). Only Salmonella Albany posed phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone (a drug of choice to treat severe cases of salmonellosis). The data revealed that, whereas Salmonella prevalence on raw poultry was high (48.7%), counts were low, which suggests that the exposure risk to Salmonella is low. However, improper storage of raw chicken meat and cross-contamination may increase Salmonella cell counts and pose a greater risk for infection. These data may be helpful in developing risk assessment models and preventing the transmission of foodborne Salmonella from poultry to humans in Vietnam.

Prevalence of Salmonella on chicken carcasses from retail markets in Vietnam.

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella on chicken carcasses collected from six regions in Vietnam. A total of 1,000 whole, dressed chicken carcasses were collected from five cities and seven provinces across the six regions in Vietnam. Of these, 900 samples were collected from wet markets and 100 from supermarkets. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella according to a method recommended by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 45.9%. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence by (i) location (Ha Noi city, 51.1%; Hai Phong city, 45.6%; Da Nang and Can Tho cities, 45.5%; Bac Ninh province and Ho Chi Minh city, 44.7%; Dong Nai province, 44.6%; Ha Tinh province, 44.4%; Phu Tho province, 43.8%; Lao Cai province, 43.5%; Kien Giang province, 41.9%; and Lam Dong province, 40.9%), (ii) market type (wet market, 46.2%; supermarket samples, 43.0%), and (iii) storage temperature at retail (ambient storage, 46.4%; chilled storage, 45.1%). Hence, Salmonella presence on poultry meat in Vietnam was not associated with a specific city or province, market type, or storage temperature at retail. Strategies to reduce Salmonella levels on raw poultry in Vietnam should be undertaken to improve the safety of poultry products and reduce the incidence of human salmonellosis from poultry consumption.