Interoceptive Signals Bias Decision Making in Rhesus Macaques.

Several influential theories have proposed that interoceptive signals, sent from the body to the brain, contribute to neural processes that coordinate complex behaviors. Using pharmacological agents that do not cross the blood-brain barrier, we altered interoceptive states and evaluated their effect on decision-making in rhesus monkeys. We used glycopyrrolate, a non-specific muscarinic (parasympathetic) antagonist, and isoproterenol, a beta-1/2 (sympathetic) agonist, to create a sympathetic-dominated physiological state indexed by increased heart rate. Rhesus monkeys were trained on two variants of an approach-avoidance conflict task, where they chose between enduring mildly aversive stimuli in exchange for a steady flow of rewards, or cancelling the aversive stimuli, forgoing the rewards. The delay to interrupt the aversive stimuli and the reward were used as a measure of the cost-benefit estimation that drove the monkeys' decisions. Both drugs altered approach-avoidance decisions, substantially reducing the delay to interrupt the aversive stimuli. To determine whether this autonomic state lowered tolerance to aversive stimuli or reduced the subjective value of the reward, we tested the effects of glycopyrrolate on a food preference task. Food preference was unaltered, suggesting that the sympathetic dominated state selectively reduces tolerance for aversive stimuli without altering reward-seeking behaviors. As these drugs have no direct effect on brain physiology, interoceptive afferents are the most likely mechanism by which decision making was biased toward avoidance. Significance statement: Influential theories have proposed that the organs of the body send information to the brain and these signals contribute to higher cognitive functions including emotion. Concomitantly, the brain adjusts body physiology to the behavioral agenda of the organism. Empirical support for these ideas, however, has been limited because of the difficulty of dissociating the contributions of brain circuits and body physiology to cognitive processing. Here we selectively manipulated the autonomic state of the body using drugs that do not cross the blood-brain barrier while macaques performed complex decision-making tasks. Drugs that induced sustained peripheral sympathetic activity significantly altered decision making. These findings suggest that ascending, interoceptive signals play a critical role in shaping behavior.

Repeat High-Dose Dexamethasone May Improve Recovery 48 Hours after Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Objectives: Perioperative dexamethasone is an effective anti-emetic and systemic analgesic in total hip arthroplasty (THA) that may reduce opioid consumption and enhance rapid recovery. However, there is no consensus on the optimal perioperative dosing that is safe and effective for faster rehabilitation and improved pain control while maintaining safe blood glucose levels. Methods: A retrospective review of 101 primary THA patients at a single institution who received perioperative dexamethasone was conducted. Patients were stratified by dexamethasone induction dosage (10 mg as high, <6mg as low) and whether a repeat dose was given 16-24 hours postoperatively. Age, gender, BMI, diabetes status, and ASA were controlled between groups. The pain was evaluated with inpatient morphine milligram equivalents (MME) requirements and visual analog scale (VAS) at 8, 16, and 24 hours postoperatively. Mobility was assessed by inpatient ambulation distance, Boston AM-PAC mobility score, and percentage of gait assistance as determined by a physical therapist. Secondary outcomes included postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) limiting therapy sessions, PONV requiring breakthrough anti-emetics, glucose levels, surgical site infection, wound healing complications, and discharge destination. Results: Compared to patients receiving one dose of high or low dexamethasone, patients receiving two dosages of high-dose dexamethasone had significantly further ambulation distance and lower percentage of gait assistance on postoperative day 2. A generalized linear model also predicted that any repeat dexamethasone, regardless of dosage, significantly improved ambulation distance and gait assistance compared to the one-dose cohort. There was no statistically significant difference between VAS scores, MME requirements, PONV, postoperative glucose levels >200, discharge destination, or risk of infection between groups. Conclusion: A repeat high-dose dexamethasone, the morning after surgery, may improve percentage of gait assistance and ambulation endurance on postoperative day two. There was no risk of uncontrolled glucose levels or infections compared to receiving one dose of dexamethasone at induction.

Chlorhexidine gluconate lavage during total joint arthroplasty may improve wound healing compared to dilute betadine.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative wound irrigation prior to closure during total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is an essential component of preventing infections and limiting health care system costs. While studies have shown the efficacy of dilute betadine in reducing infection risk, there remains concerns over its safety profile and theoretical inactivation by blood and serum. This study aims to compare infection and wound complications between chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and betadine lavage during TJA. METHODS: All primary TJA between 2019-2021 were analyzed at a single institution, and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), wound drainage, 30 and 90-day emergency room (ER) readmission due to wound complications, aseptic loosening, and revision surgery rate were compared between patients undergoing intraoperative CHG versus betadine lavage prior to closure. Baseline demographics were controlled, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to compare complication rates. RESULTS: A total of 410 TJA, including 160 hip and 250 knee arthroplasties were included. Compared to the dilute betadine cohort, all TJA patients undergoing CHG lavage had a statistically significant lower 30 and 90-day emergency room readmission rate due to wound complications. Both hip and knee arthroplasty patients with CHG had a statistically significant lower rate of postoperative superficial drainage and dressing saturation at clinic follow-up, but only knee arthroplasty patients had significant decreased readmission rate for incisional wound vacuum placement and close inpatient monitoring of wound healing. Among all TJA, there was no significant association in the rate of PJI requiring return to the OR between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although betadine is cost-effective and has been shown to reduce PJI rates, there remains concerns in the literature over soft tissue toxicity and wound healing. This study suggests CHG may be as efficacious as dilute betadine in preventing PJI while also decreasing the risk of superficial drainage and wound complications needing unplanned ER visits during the acute postoperative period.

Forty year follow-up of three patients with complete absence of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.

Complete deficiency of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins can result from both abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) and homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia (HoHBL), caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the MTTP and APOB genes encoding microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein (apo) B, respectively. Both conditions are associated with failure to assemble and secrete apo B-containing lipoproteins from intestine and liver, resulting in absence of chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins and remnants, and low-density lipoproteins. Because absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins requires intact production of apo B-containing lipoproteins, untreated patients develop fat soluble vitamin deficiencies, with associated clinical features including atypical retinitis pigmentosa, osteopenia, neuromyopathy and coagulopathy. Other features include acanthocytosis on the peripheral blood film, fat malabsorption and hepatosteatosis. We describe two patients with ABL and one with HoHBL who have each been on high dose oral fat soluble vitamin replacement under the care of the same physician for more than four decades. Each patient has remained clinically stable. A recent liver biopsy from an ABL patient showed mild macrovesicular steatosis, patchy microvesicular steatosis and mild fibrosis. These observations add to our understanding of the long term trajectory of ABL and HoHBL, and emphasize the importance of compliance to treatment and follow up.

Early Complication Rates Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Instability Arthropathy With a Prior Coracoid Transfer Procedure.

The purpose of this study was to report early complications for anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) performed for instability arthropathy after a prior coracoid transfer procedure and compare them with those of a control group of patients following aTSA for primary osteoarthritis. A retrospective review was performed of 14 patients after aTSA with a prior coracoid transfer procedure. A control group of 42 patients with an aTSA for primary osteoarthritis were matched 3:1 according to age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and dominant shoulder. Chart reviews identified any complications within 1 year, in addition to blood loss and operative time in both groups. Preoperative computed tomography scans were used to determine Walch glenoid classification and Goutallier classification of the subscapularis. The mean operative time was not significantly different between the coracoid transfer cohort and the control group, and the mean estimated blood loss was only 6.9 mL greater in the coracoid transfer group. The coracoid transfer group had 2 (14.3%) patients with complications, with 1 early revision for an acute deep infection. The control group had 4 (9.5%) complications in 3 (7.1%) patients, with no early revisions. There was no statistical difference in complications between the groups (P=.618). Anatomic TSA for instability arthropathy after coracoid transfer had similar operative time, blood loss, and 1-year complication rates as those of the control group. These results provide some evidence to support the continued use of aTSA in select patients with instability arthropathy after prior coracoid transfer procedure. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(4):e482-e486.].

Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in Professional Athletes: Rehabilitation and Return to Play.

For the treatment of large chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee, osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is an effective solution with relatively high rates of return to sport. In professional athletes, rehabilitation following OCA is a critical component of the process of returning the athlete to full sports activity and requires a multidisciplinary team approach with frequent communication between the surgical and rehabilitation teams (physical therapists, athletic trainers, coaching staff). In this review, we describe our five-phase approach to progressive rehabilitation of the professional athlete after OCA, which takes into account the biological processes of healing and optimization of neuromuscular function required for the demands of elite-level sport. The principles of early range of motion, proper progression through the kinetic chain, avoidance of pain and effusion, optimization of movement, regimen individuation, and integration of sports-specific activities underlie proper recovery.

Major Orthopaedic Conference Abstract Publication: An Analysis of Abstracts Accepted for the AAOS Annual Meetings Between 2014 and 2017.

INTRODUCTION: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Annual Meeting provides an opportunity for clinicians to attain the most recent advancements in the orthopaedic field. However, the most recent study analyzing publication rates from the 2001 Annual Meeting determined that only 49% of the podium and poster abstracts were eventually published. The purpose of this study was to determine the publication rate, likelihood of publication based on the presentation format, and time to publication for abstracts presented at the 2014 to 2017 AAOS Annual Meetings. METHODS: We did a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar to determine whether abstracts presented in the podium, poster, and scientific exhibit formats from the 2014 to 2017 AAOS Annual Meetings were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Abstract title, authors, and keywords were used to query for publication status and date of publication. RESULTS: We analyzed 5,902 abstracts from the 2014 to 2017 AAOS Annual Meetings. The overall publication rate for podium and poster presentations was 69.9%, with individual publication rates at 73.0% and 65.1%, respectively. A higher likelihood of publication in the podium format was noted with odds ratio 1.45 (P < 0.0001). Scientific exhibits displayed a publication rate of 46.9%. Most publications in all formats occurred within 2 years. CONCLUSION: A large increase was noted in the quality of research being presented at the AAOS Annual Meeting. With 69.9% of podium and poster presentations from the 2014 to 2017 Annual Meetings being published in a peer-reviewed journal, clinicians can use the data presented as an up-to-date, adjunct source of guidance for their clinical practices.

Outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty for instability arthropathy with a prior coracoid transfer procedure: a retrospective review and matched cohort.

BACKGROUND: Many surgeons are concerned about reports of increased complications, worse outcomes, and early failures in patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty after coracoid transfer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate minimum 2-year outcomes following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty for instability arthropathy with a prior coracoid transfer procedure and compare them with a matched cohort of patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis. METHODS: We identified 11 primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties performed by a single surgeon for instability arthropathy with a prior coracoid transfer procedure with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up (mean, 58 ± 35 months). A matched cohort of 33 patients with a total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis served as the control group. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, patient satisfaction, complications, and revisions were evaluated in both cohorts. RESULTS: The coracoid transfer cohort showed no difference in the final ASES score (88 vs. 82, P = .166) or SANE score (85 vs. 67, P = .120) vs. the matched cohort. The postoperative ASES pain score (45 vs. 41, P = .004) was higher in the coracoid transfer cohort, but the mean improvement from preoperative to postoperative values for the ASES score (P = .954), ASES pain score (P = .183), and SANE score (P = .293) was no different between cohorts. Both cohorts had high patient satisfaction without a statistically significant difference (P = .784). CONCLUSION: At early- to mid-term follow-up, total shoulder arthroplasty performed after a coracoid transfer demonstrated similar results to total shoulder arthroplasty performed for primary osteoarthritis. Longer follow-up and larger patient cohorts will provide further insights and highlight any potential differences in outcomes or revision rates.

Severe Combined Dyslipidemia With a Complex Genetic Basis.

Background. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (also known as type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia) is typically associated with homozygosity for the apolipoprotein E2 isoform, but also sometimes with dominant rare missense variants in the APOE gene. Patients present with roughly equimolar elevations of cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) due to pathologic accumulation of remnant lipoprotein particles. Clinical features include tuberoeruptive xanthomas, palmar xanthomas, and premature vascular disease. Case. A 48-year-old male presented with severe combined dyslipidemia: total cholesterol and TG were 11.5 and 21.4 mmol/L, respectively. He had dyslipidemia since his early 20s, with tuberous xanthomas on his elbows and knees. His body mass index was 42 kg/m2. He also had treated hypertension, mild renal impairment, and a history of gout. He had no history of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, or pancreatitis. Multiple medications had been advised including rosuvastatin, ezetimibe, fenofibrate, and alirocumab, but his lipid levels were never adequately controlled. Genetic Analysis. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified (1) the APOE E2/E2 homozygous genotype classically described with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia; (2) in addition, one APOE E2 allele contained the rare heterozygous missense variant p.G145D, previously termed apo E-Bethesda; (3) a rare heterozygous APOC2 nonsense variant p.Q92X; and (4) a high polygenic risk score for TG levels (16 out of 28 TG-raising alleles) at the 82nd percentile for age and sex. Conclusion. The multiple genetic "hits" on top of the classical APOE E2/E2 genotype likely explain the more severe dyslipidemia and refractory clinical phenotype.

Vision Outcomes in Early versus Late Surgical Intervention of Pituitary Apoplexy: Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is defined by hemorrhage and necrosis of the pituitary gland, often acute in onset, and frequently in the setting of an existing pituitary adenoma. Our objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of the available literature on vision outcomes following surgical intervention for PA on the basis of the timing from apoplexy to surgery (ATS). METHODS: A thorough literature search of the published English-language literature was performed in PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases using the key words ("pituitary apoplexy") and ("surgery" or "vision") from database inception to August 2018 was conducted. The primary outcome variable evaluated using a binary random-effects model was vision recovery outcomes (metric: odds ratio). RESULTS: Of 234 articles found, 12 articles containing 200 patients met our eligibility criteria. The mean age was 46.1, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.9:1. A total of 86% of PA patients presented with visual deficits (ATS <7 days in 93 and >7 days in 79 patients). In patients with an ATS <7 days, 97.8% experienced visual recovery, compared with 84.8% with an ATS >7 days (odds ratio 2.6 [95% CI 0.94-7.31]; P value = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Despite readily accepted guidelines provided by the United Kingdom advocating for early surgical intervention in PA, the rates of vision outcomes we report demonstrate >80% recovery for patients in both the early and late surgical intervention group. As such, conservative management may be warranted for early stabilization before surgical intervention in PA patients with respect to vision outcomes.

Anti-Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Chain Antibodies Predict for Response to Nilotinib in Steroid-Refractory or -Dependent Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Imatinib has clinical activity in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the same receptors as imatinib but with different affinities. We tested the hypothesis that nilotinib is safe and has clinical activity in cGVHD. Thirty-three participants were enrolled in a phase I/II dose escalation and dose extension clinical trial of nilotinib for the treatment of steroid-refractory or- dependent cGVHD (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01155817). We assessed safety, clinical response, and pretreatment anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha chain (anti-PDGFRA) antibody levels. The 200-mg dose was identified as the maximum tolerated dose and used for the phase II dose extension study. At 6 months the incidence of failure-free survival (FFS), cGVHD progression, and nilotinib intolerance resulting in its discontinuation was 50%, 23%, and 23%, respectively. cGVHD responses in skin, joints, and mouth were observed at 3 and 6 months based on improvement in respective National Institutes of Health organ severity scores. Pretreatment anti-PDGFRA antibody levels ≥ .150 optical density as measured by ELISA correlated with longer FFS time (P < .0005) and trended with time until cGVHD progression (P < .06) but not drug intolerance. Nilotinib may be effective for corticosteroid-resistant or -refractory cGVHD in some patients, but its use is limited by intolerable side effects. Selection of patients with high pretreatment anti-PDGFRA antibody levels might improve the risk-to-benefit ratio of nilotinib and better justify its side effects.

Current indications and surgical approaches to corneal transplants at the University of Toronto: A clinical-pathological study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most common reasons and surgical approaches for corneal graft surgery at the Kensington Eye Institute (KEI), University of Toronto. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 229 consecutive corneal transplants performed at the KEI. METHODS: Demographic, clinical, and pathological data on all 2012 and 2013 corneal transplants were collected. RESULTS: The mean age for corneal transplants was 65 ± 16 years; 39% were full-thickness penetrating keratoplasties (PK) and 61% were partial-thickness. Graft failure (30%), infection (18%), and keratoconus (17%) were the leading indications for PK. Fuchs' dystrophy (40%) and bullous keratopathy (24%) were main causes for partial-thickness procedures. Among partial-thickness approaches, Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), and Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) procedures accounted for 68%, 16%, and 16%, respectively. Fuchs' dystrophy (40%) and bullous keratopathy (33%) were the most common indications for DSAEK. Keratoconus (57%) and corneal scarring (35%) were the most common indications for DALK, whereas Fuchs' dystrophy (82%) accounted for most DMEK procedures. The most common reasons for all corneal grafts were Fuchs' dystrophy (25%), bullous keratopathy (21%), graft failure (17%), and keratoconus (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Almost two-thirds of all corneal transplant procedures at the University of Toronto are partial thickness procedures. A failed graft was found to be the most common indication for full-thickness transplants. Fuchs' dystrophy was the most common indication for a partial-thickness approach, most often treated by DSAEK. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether partial-thickness surgeries will improve graft survival and reduce the need for regraft.

Outcomes With As-Needed Aflibercept and Macular Laser Following the Phase III VISTA DME Trial: ENDURANCE 12-Month Extension Study.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the efficacy and safety achieved with 2.0 mg intravitreal aflibercept injections (IAIs) for diabetic macular edema (DME) during the phase III VISTA DME trial were maintained with individualized, as-needed treatment. DESIGN: Phase IV, multicenter, open-label extension study. METHODS: Sixty patients completing VISTA DME elected to enter the ENDURANCE extension study. All patients received IAIs in the presence of clinically relevant DME. Patients were observed at 4-, 8-, or 12-week intervals depending on the need for treatment. Main outcome measures were mean IAIs given through month 12 (M12), the proportion of patients receiving no IAIs, and the role of macular laser in decreasing treatment burden among patients requiring ongoing IAIs. RESULTS: A mean of 4.5 IAIs were administered through M12. Eighteen (30%) patients required no IAIs, and among those who met IAI retreatment criteria, a mean of 6.0 IAIs were administered through M12. Best-corrected visual acuity gains achieved during VISTA DME were maintained and stable with individualized dosing during ENDURANCE, fluctuating by <1.5 mean letters from the baseline at all time points. Likewise, mean central retinal thickness remained relatively stable during ENDURANCE. Thirty-seven (62%) patients met macular laser criteria at a mean of 19.5 weeks with no significant difference in the frequency of IAIs before or after macular laser. CONCLUSION: Vision gains achieved during the 3-year VISTA DME trial were maintained through M12 of the ENDURANCE extension study with a reduced treatment frequency, with 30% of patients receiving no IAIs. No significant reduction in IAI frequency was observed after macular laser application.

Auranofin inactivates Trichomonas vaginalis thioredoxin reductase and is effective against trichomonads in vitro and in vivo.

Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection in the world, but only two closely related nitro drugs are approved for its treatment. New antimicrobials against trichomoniasis remain an urgent need. Several organic gold compounds were tested for activity against T. vaginalis thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in cell-free systems as well as for activity against different trichomonads in vitro and in a murine infection model. The organic gold(I) compounds auranofin and chloro(diethylphenylphosphine)gold(I) inhibited TrxR in a concentration-dependent manner in assays with recombinant purified reductase and in cytoplasmic extracts of T. vaginalis transfected with a haemagglutinin epitope-tagged form of the reductase. Auranofin potently suppressed the growth of three independent clinical T. vaginalis isolates as well as several strains of another trichomonad (Tritrichomonas foetus) in a 24 h-assay, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.7-2.5 µM and minimum lethal concentrations of 2-6 µM. The drug also compromised the ability of the parasite to overcome oxidant stress, supporting the notion that auranofin acts, in part, by inactivating TrxR-dependent antioxidant defences. Chloro(diethylphenylphosphine)gold(I) was 10-fold less effective against T. vaginalis in vitro than auranofin. Oral administration of auranofin for 4 days cleared the parasites in a murine model of vaginal T. foetus infection without displaying any apparent adverse effects. The approved human drug auranofin may be a promising agent as an alternative treatment of trichomoniasis in cases when standard nitro drug therapies have failed.

Long-term Follow-up of a Case of Gold Shunt Surgery for Refractory Silicone Oil-induced Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To report the first case of gold shunt surgery for treatment of silicone oil-induced refractory glaucoma in a tertiary care academic center, with 5-year follow-up. DESIGN: The study design is a case report. PARTICIPANTS: The participant was a patient who underwent gold shunt surgery. METHODS: Institutional Research Ethics Board approval for the study was obtained. A diabetic patient was referred for refractory glaucoma with a history of proliferative diabetic retinal detachment, and surgery with silicone oil. She was uncontrolled on maximal medical therapy and following informed consent, gold shunt surgery was performed. Ocular outcomes and number of medications were reviewed over a 5-year period. RESULTS: Following uncomplicated surgery, intraocular pressure was reduced from 41 to 14 mm Hg, and the number of medications was reduced from 4 to 1. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: Gold shunt surgery in this challenging case of silicone oil refractory glaucoma provided long-term intraocular pressure control and reduced need for medication over a 5-year period.

Low baseline (pre-injury) blood pressure predicts inpatient mortality in elderly trauma patients: A bi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between baseline (i.e., pre-injury) blood pressure and trauma outcomes in elderly patients is unknown. We therefore aimed to identify the independent impact of baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) on inpatient mortality among elderly trauma patients. METHODS: The 2004 to 2014 trauma registries of two Level I Trauma Centers were linked to electronic health records then reviewed to identify patients ≥65 years old with available baseline vital signs. Baseline SBP was defined as mean outpatient SBP within 2 years before injury. Trauma SBP was defined as first SBP reading after presentation for trauma. Baseline and Trauma SBP were classified as Low (<110 mm Hg), Normal (110-139 mm Hg), or High (≥140 mm Hg). Logistic multivariable regression models were constructed to assess the independent impact of Baseline SBP on inpatient mortality, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, injury mechanism/severity, and Trauma SBP. RESULTS: Of 37,494 patient admissions, 4,233 met inclusion criteria. Median age was 81 years; 63.6% were female. Mortality was 5.39%. In unadjusted analyses, mortality rates were 11.01%, 5.28%, and 4.52% in the Low, Normal, and High Baseline SBP groups, respectively (p = 0.001). In multivariable analyses, patients with Low Baseline SBP had significantly increased mortality risk [OR 3.19 (95% CI 1.62-6.26), p = 0.001] compared to patients with Normal Baseline SBP, in particular when they presented with Low Trauma SBP (<110 mm Hg) [OR 6.14 (2.17-17.36), p = 0.001] or Normal Trauma SBP (110-139 mm Hg) [OR 3.87 (1.43-10.45), p = 0.008]. The mortality risk associated with Low Baseline SBP was particularly elevated among patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of hypertension [OR 4.78 (1.97-11.62), p = 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Low baseline pre-injury SBP is independently associated with more than a threefold increase in inpatient mortality among elderly trauma patients and a fivefold increase in mortality risk among patients with pre-existing hypertension. Given that blood pressure control in the elderly offers a long-term survival advantage, the paradoxical finding of decreased survival after trauma warrants further investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.

Gold shunt for refractory advanced low-tension glaucoma with spared central acuity.

The aim of this study is to report a case of gold shunt surgery for uncontrolled, low-tension glaucoma with good central vision, after having a previously failed trabeculectomy and tube shunt surgeries. The patient was receiving maximum medical glaucoma therapy of four different types with intraocular pressure of 17 mm Hg prior to gold shunt surgery. Five years later, intraocular pressure is well controlled in the low teens without the need for ocular medications, and glaucoma is stable following gold shunt surgery.