ABSTRACT
Thirty five years after the publication of Bowlby's founding articles (1957 and 1958), what relevance might the theory of attachment still have for the conceptual and methodological apparatus used by the psychologists who study emotional development of the young? That question is addressed throughout this article through a historic-critical review and leads to formulating two tentative responses. In the first part are shortly presented the contributions which have brought precisions, supported and prolonged the leader's propositions. In the second part we attempt to partially reconceptualize the process and behavior of attachment, following the recent suggestions of Bowlby and Ainsworth. Two cases of parent-infant interactions serve as empirical illustrations for this new perspective.
Subject(s)
Object Attachment , Parent-Child Relations , Psychoanalytic Theory , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Mother-Child Relations , Personality Development , Psychoanalytic Therapy , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
This article reports research that tried to make the father's commitment to the child's development more apparent. Based in extensive research, they differenciated two groups of 17 babies: children brought up "only and primarily by the mother"; and children brought up "as much by the father as the mother" -- a balanced sample group regarding age and sex. The dependent variable was revealed by a check of observable relational and motor skills inside a day-care center: each child was watched for 10 minutes at each of ten sessions of recreational activity, for a total of 100 minutes. Factoral analysis of the relationships allows us to think that the child's behavior is influenced by the father's sharing the caregiving on 3 levels: motors skills, opening-up to playmates (peers), a healthy safe relationship with the adult. Interpreting this co-occurrence would now be worthwhile.
Subject(s)
Child Rearing/psychology , Father-Child Relations , Personality Development , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mother-Child Relations , Motor Skills , Sex Factors , SocializationSubject(s)
Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Femoral Vein/surgery , Pulmonary Embolism/surgery , Thrombosis/surgery , Aged , Constriction , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Heart Failure/etiology , Malaria/complications , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Pulmonary Edema/complicationsSubject(s)
Antimalarials/adverse effects , Brain Diseases/chemically induced , Quinolines/adverse effects , Adult , Humans , Male , MefloquineABSTRACT
In Africa, the obstetrical risk is related to the difficulty to monitor the pregnancy during which obstetrical emergency may occur and will have to be treated by the practitioner with, sometimes, inadequate facilities. The authors examine the problems concerning successively the expectant mother, the foetus and the placenta. Then, they propose some solutions in the field of anesthesia and intensive care. The expectant mothers are exposed to the heat and sometimes are suffering from undernutrition, so it requires special attention when using anesthetics. In addition, they frequently present an increased morbidity:--universal diseases among which renovascular syndromes often lead to eclampsia and to abruptio placentae;--tropical diseases may raise problems either to anesthesia (sickle cell anemia, bilharziosis) or to intensive care (algid pernicious fever, malignant amebiasis). Children are subject to an increased stillbirth rate in accordance with pregnancy duration and with the intensive facilities available at the time of the birth. Either infective or mechanical complications may occur in placenta and they may cause some distress to both mother and foetus. With respect to all these cases, the authors examine the various analgesia methods for obstetrical purpose and point out their indications and contraindications. It seems that regional anesthesia is suitable for health posts without facilities. Peridural anesthesia is operative with a great number of situations but it requires some technical training. Then methods to monitor both mother and foetus are exposed. According to the available facilities, ways and means are given to solve problems of anesthesia: labour maternal complications (Mendelson's syndrome, eclampsia, obstetrical complications either mechanical and hemorrhagic) or secondary complications (bacterial or parasitic complications, renal insufficiency); foetal complications either during labour, or at birth, or after delivery.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Resuscitation , Africa , Anesthesia, Caudal , Anesthesia, Epidural , Anesthesia, Spinal , Emergencies , Female , Fetal Monitoring , Fetus/physiology , Fibrinolysis , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Placenta Diseases/etiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/etiologySubject(s)
Anesthesia, Epidural , Cesarean Section , Eclampsia/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Female , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
An efficient narco-analgesia is given by the association of two drugs: -- diazepam (Valium): a benzodiazepine with an anxiolytic and myoresolutive effect, inducing sleep and giving amnesia; -- lysine acetylsalicylate (Aspegic) giving an analgesia inferior to that of morphinomimetic drugs but not inducing respiratory depression. These two drugs are given in an intravenous catheter. Their effects last about 20 minutes - vomiting is rare. The authors report their experience of 50 cases and think that this technique is recommended in remote medical units for moderately painful and short duration operations.
Subject(s)
Anesthetics/administration & dosage , Aspirin/analogs & derivatives , Diazepam/administration & dosage , Lysine/analogs & derivatives , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anesthesia, Intravenous , Aspirin/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Lysine/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Preoperative CareABSTRACT
Peridural anesthesia consists in impregnating by an anesthesic solution, through a lumbal puncture, the nervous radices at their emergence out of the dura mater. The authors detail the technique and its mishaps and accidents, the indications and counter-indications.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Abdomen/surgery , Anesthesia, Epidural/adverse effects , Humans , Leg/surgeryABSTRACT
The anesthesic fluid is injected close to the intercostal nerve at the starting point of its course in the corresponding space. Its gives an easy analgesia for thoracic or upper abdominal areas.
Subject(s)
Intercostal Nerves/drug effects , Nerve Block/methods , Thoracic Nerves/drug effects , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , HumansABSTRACT
Rachianesthesia is still an useful technique in remote medical units. The authors have reviewed the equipment required, the technique, the possible difficulties or mishaps and the indications and contra-indications.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Spinal/methods , Abdomen/innervation , Humans , Leg/innervationABSTRACT
The central venous catheterization is obtained by placing a catheter in the superior or inferior vena cava after puncturing the subclavian vein, the external or the internal jugular, or the femoral ones. The corresponding technics are discribed with their complications, contraindications and advantages. Their value in tropical practice of resuscitation is emphasized.
Subject(s)
Catheterization/methods , Central Venous Pressure , Tropical Medicine , Catheterization/adverse effects , Humans , Infusions, Parenteral , Resuscitation , Venae CavaeABSTRACT
The loco-regional intravenous anesthesia has the great advantage of its simplicity. It is a good complement of the plexic blocks for anesthesia of the upper limb, but it must be discarded in case of lasting interventions because of the tourniquet, or in case of large damages through which the anesthesic fluid leak out, or if a long hemostatic checking may be foreseen.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Arm/blood supply , Arm Injuries/surgery , Fractures, Bone/surgery , HumansABSTRACT
The anesthetic block of the upper limb plexus may be realized by either sus-cladications and possible complications.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Local/methods , Arm/innervation , Brachial Plexus/drug effects , Nerve Block/methods , Adult , Child , Humans , LidocaineABSTRACT
This paper is a foreword to a series of articles about anesthesia in small medical units in tropical areas. When general anesthesia must be discarded in regard to the patient's condition or the poor level of facilities, loco-regional anesthesia proves to be of great value. The authors review the main drugs available, their dosages, accidents, counter-indications and pre-anesthetic cares.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, Local , Anesthesia, Conduction/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Anesthesia, Local/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Local/methods , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Humans , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Changes in glomerular capillaries, mensangial structures and tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients there is an increase of the renal blood-flow but the flow passing in the vasa recta is reduced. A by-pass gives a congestion of the vessels situated at the cortico-medullary junction and around the renal pelvis. All this gives 3 main clinical syndromes: hematuria, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency.
