[Intraocular metastases]. / Intraokulare Metastasen.

Metastatic cancer represents the most common form of intraocular malignancy. Due to its abundant vascular supply the choroid is the most common ocular site for intraocular metastatic disease (approximately 90%). Less than 10% of intraocular metastases are located in the iris and/or ciliary body, whereas the retina and vitreous are rarely affected. Most intraocular metastases are carcinomas; the majority of metastases originate from breast cancer in females and lung cancer in males. However, virtually every primary malignancy has been described to metastasize to intraocular structures. In this review we address the pathology and clinical features of intraocular metastases, noninvasive and invasive diagnostic procedures, as well as the pathological work-up of cytological and histological specimens obtained either by fine needle aspiration biopsy or special biopsy forceps.

[Retinoblastoma and retinocytoma (retinoma)]. / Retinoblastom und Retinozytom (Retinom).

Retinoblastomas are extremely rare withabout half of the cases being hereditary eye neoplasms in young children. They show highly proliferative, CRX-positive undifferentiated tumour cells (occasionally forming rosettes). Staging is performed according to the pTNM classification and the International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS). The diagnostic basis for systemic administration of chemotherapy and/or radiation is postlaminar optic nerve invasion, massive choroidal tumour infiltration, scleral invasion or even extraocular invasion. In cases that are difficult to diagnose, immunohistochemical stains (CRX and Ki67) may be very helpful. Retinocytomas (retinomas) completely lack undifferentiated tumour cell areas, show an exclusive photoreceptor differentiation and an exceptionally low Ki67 index.