ABSTRACT
BackgroundMore than ten novel COVID-19 vaccines have been approved with protections against SARS-CoV-2 infections ranges between 52-95%. It is of great interest to the vaccinees who have received the COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine developers and authorities to identify the non-responders in a timely manner so intervention can take place by either giving additional boosts of the same vaccine or switching to a different vaccine to improve the protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infections. A robust correlation was seen between binding antibody titer and efficacy (p=0.93) in the clinic studies of 7 COVID-19 vaccines, so it is of urgency to develop a simple POCT for vaccinees to self-assess their immune response at home. MethodsUsing CHO cell-expressed full length SARS-CoV2 S1 protein as coating antigen on colloidal gold particles, a SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG-IgM antibody lateral flow test kit (POCT) was developed. The test was validated with negative human sera collected prior to the COVID-19 outbreaks, and blood samples from human subjects prior, during, and post-immunization of COVID-19 vaccines. ResultsThe specificity of the POCT was 99.0%, as examined against 947 normal human sera and 20 whole blood samples collected pre-immunization. The limit of detection was 50 IU/mL of pseudovirus neutralizing titer (PVNT) using human anti-SARS-2 neutralizing standards from convalescent sera. The sensitivity of POCT for SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein antibody IgG-IgM was compared with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody ELISA and determined to be 100% using 23 blood samples from vaccinated human subjects and 10 samples from non-vaccinated ones. Whole blood samples were collected from 119 human subjects (ages between 22-61 years) prior to, during, and post-vaccination of five different COVID-19 vaccines. Among them, 115 people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies (showing positive at least once) and 4 people tested negative (tested negative at least twice on different days), demonstrating 96.64% of seroconversion after full-vaccination. 92.3% (36/39) of the human subjects who were younger than 45 achieved seroconversion within 2 weeks while only 57.1% (4/7) of subjects older than 45 tested positive for S1 antibodies, suggesting that younger people develop protection much faster than older ones. Even though the S1 antibody level in 88% of human subjects vaccinated with inactivated virus dropped below 50 IU/mL two months later, one boost could quickly raise the S1 antibody titer above 50 IU/mL of PVNT, indicates that the initial vaccination was successful and immunization memory was developed. ConclusionUsing the lateral flow tests of SARS-CoV2 S1 IgG+IgM, vaccinated human subjects can easily self-assess the efficacy of their vaccination at home. The vaccine developer could quickly identify those non-responders and give them an additional boost to improve the efficacy of their vaccines. Vaccinees who failed in response could switch to different types of COVID-19 vaccines since there are more than 10 COVID-19 vaccines approved using three different platform technologies. HighlightsO_LIMore than ten novel COVID-19 vaccines have been approved with protections against SARS-CoV-2 infections ranges between 52-95%. It is of great interest to the vaccinees who have received the COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine developers and authorities to identify the non-responders in a timely manner. C_LIO_LIA highly specific and very simple lateral flow test kit for measurement of SARS-CoV-2 S1IgG+IgM antibodies post-immunization of COVID-19 vaccine using peripheral blood was developed as a home-test assay with a limit of detection (LOD) at 50 IU/mL of pseudovirus neutralizing titer (PVNT). C_LIO_LIAfter full vaccinations with COVID-19 vaccines, 96.6% of the volunteers successfully achieved the seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG+IgM antibody. C_LIO_LI92.3% (36/39) of the human subjects who were younger than 45 achieved seroconversion within 2 weeks while only 57.1% (4/7) of subjects older than 45 tested positive for S1 antibodies, suggesting that younger people develop protection much faster than older ones. C_LIO_LIEven though the S1 antibody level in 88% of human subjects vaccinated with inactivated virus dropped below the detection 2-6 months later, one boost could quickly raise the S1 antibody titer above 50 IU/mL of PVNT, indicating that the initial vaccination was successful and immunization memory was developed. C_LI
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 outbreak has become a global pandemic responsible for over 2,000,000 confirmed cases and over 126,000 deaths worldwide. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of CHO-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc fusion protein in mice, rabbits, and monkeys as a potential candidate for a COVID-19 vaccine. We demonstrate that the S1-Fc fusion protein is extremely immunogenic, as evidenced by strong antibody titers observed by day 7. Strong virus neutralizing activity was observed on day 14 in rabbits immunized with the S1-Fc fusion protein using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Most importantly, in less than 20 days and three injections of the S1-Fc fusion protein, two monkeys developed higher virus neutralizing titers than a recovered COVID-19 patient in a live SARS-CoV-2 infection assay. Our data strongly suggests that the CHO-expressed SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc recombinant protein could be a strong candidate for vaccine development against COVID-19. HighlightsO_LICHO-expressed S1-Fc protein is very immunogenic in various animals and can rapidly induce strong antibody production C_LIO_LIS1-Fc protein solicits strong neutralizing activities against live virus C_LIO_LIStable CHO cell line expressing 50 mg/L of S1-Fc and a 3,000 L Bioreactor can produce 3 million doses of human COVID-19 vaccine every 10 days, making it an accessible and affordable option for worldwide vaccination C_LI
ABSTRACT
WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic with more than 300,000 confirmed cases and more than 14,000 deaths. There is urgent need for accurate and rapid diagnostic kits. Here we report the development and validation of a COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 S1 serology ELISA kit for the detection of total anti-virus antibody (IgG+IgM) titers in sera from either the general population or patients suspected to be infected. For indirect ELISA, CHO-expressed recombinant full length SARS-CoV-2-S1 protein with 6* His tag was used as the coating antigen to capture the SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies specifically. The specificity of the ELISA kit was determined to be 97.5%, as examined against total 412 normal human sera including 257 samples collected prior to the outbreak and 155 collected during the outbreak. The sensitivity of the ELISA kit was determined to be 97.5% by testing against 69 samples from hospitalized and/or recovered COVID-19 patients. The overall accuracy rate reached 97.3%. Most importantly, in one case study, the ELISA test kit was able to identify an infected person who had previously been quarantined for 14 days after coming into contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient, and discharged after testing negative twice by nucleic acid test. With the assays developed here, we can screen millions of medical staffs in the hospitals and people in residential complex, schools, public transportations, and business parks in the epidemic centers of the outbreaks to fish out the "innocent viral spreaders", and help to stop the further spreading of the virus.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 China coronavirus started in Dec 2019 was challenged by the lack of accurate serological diagnostic tool for this deadly disease to quickly identify and isolate the infected patients. The generation of COVID-19-specific antibodies is essential for such tasks. Here we report that polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to different areas of Nucleoprotein (N) of COVID-19. The specificities of the COVID-19 antibodies were assessed by Western Blot analysis against NPs from COVID-19, MERS and SARS. Antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry staining of the tissue sections from COVID-19 infected patient, as a potential diagnostic tool. A Sandwich ELISA kit was quickly assembled for quantitation of the virus/NP of COVID-19 concentrations in the vaccine preparations. Development of POCT is also aggressively undergoing.
ABSTRACT
Foot core system comprises active subsystem, passive subsystem and neural subsystem, which complement each other and provide different function for foot. Insufficient foot function (weak muscle strength, hypoesthesia of foot) is an important cause of foot injury, and aging, obesity and abnormal foot type are also possible factors of foot injury. At present, special foot strength enhancement methods, minimalist shoes training, and even the means of muscle/brain stimulation, can strengthen the intrinsic muscle strength of foot, improve the stability of the foot, increase the plantar sensory inputs, thereby enhance the core system, raise the foot function performance, and prevent sports injury.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the service needs in relation to the related behavioral characteristics and reproductive health service for women receiving induced abortion in childbearing age in Wenzhou, providing reference for the protection of reproductive health in women of childbearing age. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among a total of 1 065 women of childbearing age who received artificial abortion in 12 medical institutions and maternal and child health care institutions in Wenzhou. Results Of the 1 065 women, 456 (42.82%) were under 24 years old, 609 (57.18%) were over 25 years old.815 (76.53%) with high school / technical secondary school degree or below, 250 (23.47%) with college degree or above.448 unmarried (42.07%), 617 married (57.93%).484 (45.45%) of first abortion and 581 (54.55%) of repeated abortion.Among the direct causes of abortion, 244 (54.46%) were not contraception, 382 (61.91%) were contraception failure.There was a significant difference in the direct causes of induced abortion among women with different marital status(χ2＝28.128, P < 0.05).67.51% of the surveyed women hoped that the family planning clinic would provide contraceptive and reproductive health consulting services after abortion. Conclusion Women of childbearing age with induced abortion in Wenzhou have low education level, high rate of repeated abortion, lack of contraceptive knowledge and high demand for contraceptive and reproductive health consulting services.Therefore, it is necessary to improve reproductive health education, popularize contraceptive knowledge, reduce abortion rate and promote reproductive health.
ABSTRACT
italic>Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) has been used as a valuable traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2 000 years in China. Modern research has confirmed a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as regulating blood sugar, improving gastrointestinal inflammation, and regulating immunity. Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of D. officinale. With the intensive studies of the pharmacological activities of D. officinale, evidence for the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of D. officinale polysaccharides has increased dramatically. In this review, we summarized the latest progress in the pharmacological and mechanical studies of D. officinale polysaccharides, and based on the pharmacological efficacy and oral absorption and utilization characteristics of D. officinale polysaccharides, it is proposed that regulating the gut microbiota may be one of the key mechanisms for D. officinale to exert its beneficial effects. Research on the mechanism of D. officinale polysaccharides puts forward new research directions and prospects.
ABSTRACT
Vision formation is classically based on projections from retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the primary visual cortex (V1). Neurons in the mouse V1 are tuned to light stimuli. Although the cellular information of the retina and the LGN has been widely studied, the transcriptome profiles of single light-stimulated neuron in V1 remain unknown. In our study, in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell electrophysiological patch-clamp recording were utilized to identify 53 individual cells from layer 2/3 of V1 as light-sensitive (LS) or non-light-sensitive (NS) by single-cell light-evoked calcium evaluation and action potential spiking. The contents of each cell after functional tests were aspirated in vivo through a patch-clamp pipette for mRNA sequencing. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological characterizations of the neurons were reconstructed in a live mouse after the whole-cell recordings. Our sequencing results indicated that V1 neurons with a high expression of genes related to transmission regulation, such as Rtn4r and Rgs7, and genes involved in membrane transport, such as Na/K ATPase and NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors, preferentially responded to light stimulation. Furthermore, an antagonist that blocks Rtn4r signals could inactivate the neuronal responses to light stimulation in live mice. In conclusion, our findings of the vivo-seq analysis indicate the key role of the strength of synaptic transmission possesses neurons in V1 of light sensory.
ABSTRACT
Vision formation is classically based on projections from retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the primary visual cortex (V1). Neurons in the mouse V1 are tuned to light stimuli. Although the cellular information of the retina and the LGN has been widely studied, the transcriptome profiles of single light-stimulated neuron in V1 remain unknown. In our study, in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell electrophysiological patch-clamp recording were utilized to identify 53 individual cells from layer 2/3 of V1 as light-sensitive (LS) or non-light-sensitive (NS) by single-cell light-evoked calcium evaluation and action potential spiking. The contents of each cell after functional tests were aspirated in vivo through a patch-clamp pipette for mRNA sequencing. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological characterizations of the neurons were reconstructed in a live mouse after the whole-cell recordings. Our sequencing results indicated that V1 neurons with a high expression of genes related to transmission regulation, such as Rtn4r and Rgs7, and genes involved in membrane transport, such as Na/K ATPase and NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors, preferentially responded to light stimulation. Furthermore, an antagonist that blocks Rtn4r signals could inactivate the neuronal responses to light stimulation in live mice. In conclusion, our findings of the vivo-seq analysis indicate the key role of the strength of synaptic transmission possesses neurons in V1 of light sensory.
ABSTRACT
Objective To apply Demirjian's and Cameriere's method for dental age estimation of adolescents from Hunan Han nationality, and compare the accuracy of the two methods. Methods A total of 480 orthopantomograms of?8-16 year?old adolescents from Hunan Han nationality?with no special diseases and good nutritional status were collected?by Xiangya Stomatological Hospital of Central South University from January, 2016 to July, 2017, among them 236 males and 244 females. The dental age of each adolescent was determined by Demirjian's method and Cameriere's method, respectively, and the paired t-test of the estimated dental age and the chronological age determined by the two methods was conducted by SPSS 20.0 software to compare the difference between estimated dental age and chronological age. Results Mean chronological age of males and females was 11.91 and 11.88 years, respectively. The estimated dental age determined by Demirjian's method showed an underestimate of chronological age by an average of 0.11 years （males） and 0.15 years （females）, while the estimated dental age determined by Cameriere's method showed an underestimate of chronological age by an average of 0.83 years （males） and 0.72 years （females）. Conclusion Demirjian's method is more accurate than Cameriere's method in dental age estimation of adolescents from Hunan Han nationality, therefore more suitable for dental age estimation of adolescents in this region.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Age Determination by Teeth , Asian People , China , Ethnicity , Forensic Dentistry , Radiography, Panoramic , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Dendrobium officinale is a member of the family Orchidaceae. The dried stem of D. officinale is used as a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, known as Dendrobii Officamlis Caulis (called TiepiShihu in Chinese). According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Dendrobii Officamlis Caulis has effects of tonifying stomach, promoting fluid, nourishing Yin and clearing heat. At present, the planting area of D. officinale is over 100 000 Mu (over 6 670 hm2) and the annual output of its fresh stem is in excess of 10 000 tons. Good variety is the guarantee of herbal medicine's quality, while germplasm resource is the base for breeding excellent variety. In this paper, we summed the characteristics of present main varieties of D. officinale and reviewed the progress on germplasm resources and genetics and breeding of the plant, in order to provide a scientific basis for the further research.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To examine the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine on biochemical response in patients with primary biliary cholangitis.@*Methods@#According to the method of receiving treatment, 197 patients with primary biliary cholangitis were divided into Traditional Chinese Medicine plus Western medicine group (93 cases, 47.2%) and Western medicine group (104 cases, 52.8%). From the baseline date, the combined group was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid plus traditional Chinese medicine decoction or Chinese patent medicine for at least one month and the Western medicine group simply took ursodeoxycholic acid . Additionally, Traditional Chinese medicine decoction prescriptions were mainly Xiaoyaosan and Yinchenhao. Chinese patent medicine were restricted to Biejia Ruangan tablets, Fuzheng Huayu capsules, Jiuweigantai capsules and Yinzhihuang capsules, which were used to treat liver fibrosis and cholestasis. The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as ALP level < 1.67 × ULN and ≥ 15% decrease in ALP with baseline level and TBIL≤ULN after 12 months of treatment.@*Results@#The overall biochemical response rate of patients was 35.0% (69/197). The response rate of TCM+ Western medicine group was 43.0% (40/93), and that of Western medicine group was 27.9% (29/104). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.936, P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that the Chinese and Western medicine group was superior to the Western medicine group alone in reducing γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and TBiL [the median decline were GGT: 160.1 U/L and 111.3 U/L (Z = -2.474, P < 0.05), TBiL: 5.2 umol/l and 3.1 umol/l (Z = -2.125, P < 0.05)].@*Conclusion@#UDCA combined with TCM therapy can remarkably improve the biochemical response rate in patients with PBC and distinctly decrease the TBIL and GGT levels than UDCA monotherapy.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the clinical curative effet and survival condition of sorafenib for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Sixty-six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during January 2013 to January 2015 in Chang'an Hospital were included.All patients were randomly divided into transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) group (n =33) and sorafenib + TACE group (n =33) according to the random digital table method.Followed up for 2 years,we observed the clinical curative effect,including 6-months survival rate,1-year survival rate,the changes of serum alpha fetoprotein level before and after the treatment,survival time and related adverse reactions.Results The disease control rate of sora-fenib + TACE group was 84.85％ (28/33),which was significantly higher than that of TACE group (60.61％,20/33),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =4.889,P =0.027).The median survival time of patients with sorafenib +TACE group was 20.30 months,which was longer than that of TACE group (12.50 months),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =29.570,P =0.000).The 6-months and 1-year survival rates in patients with sorafenib + TACE group were 93.93％ and 75.76％,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of TACE group (84.85％,51.52％).The rate of 1-year recurrence and metastasis of sorafenib + TACE group was 21.21％,which was lower than that of TACE group (39.39％),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =2.908,P =0.041).After 6 months treatment,the serum level of alpha fetoprotein in patients with sorafenib + TACE group was (1 911.53 ± 457.86)ng/ml,which was signi-ficantly lower than that of TACE group [(2 979.83± 842.71)ng/ml],and the difference was statistically significant (t =11.996,P =0.001).The median survival time of patients with Child-Pugh A was significantly longer than that of patients with Child-Pugh B (20.50 months vs.13.95 months),with a significant difference (x2 =3.973,P =0.046).Patients in sorafenib + TACE group and TACE group had adverse reactions including nausea,vomiting and abnormal liver function,and there was significant difference in the incidence of untoward effects (87.88％ vs.60.61％;x2 =6.418,P =0.011).Conclusion The application of sorafenib the-rapy in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma based on TACE can effectively improve the disease control rate,prolong the survival time of patients and improve the survival rate of patients.
ABSTRACT
Biomacromolecules participate in various kinds of vital processes. Observing and analyzing their structural dynamic and the dynamic processes of intermolecular interaction at molecular level is important for understanding the action mechanism. Since its advent, single molecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (SM-FRET) has demonstrated its great potential in studying the conformational change and interaction process of biomacromolecules, and a series of new mechanisms have been revealed. This review summarized recent progresses of SM-FRET in studying protein structural dynamic, nucleic acid structural dynamic, protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.)Blume (LRTPG)in hamsters using proteomics technique. METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high (1.2 g·kg-1),medium(0.6 g·kg-1)and low(0.3 g·kg-1)doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet. The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated, and 397 proteins were absent or not. And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism. Further, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated metabolic process, transport, oxidation-reduction process, phosphorylation, signal transduction, lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.
ABSTRACT
To achieve better results of the goal of training students' abilities in medical education,formative assessment has been implemented in medical immunology teaching for grade 2014 clinical medicine students.The evaluation indexes of medical immunology teaching have been constructed.Formative assessment has been implemented in classroom teaching,self-learning and group discussion,experimental teaching and network exams by following the principles of feedback,guidance and encouragement.Compared with summative assessment,formative assessment can dynamically reflect the learning progress of immunology and improve the learning effect.The deficiencies andpuzzlesin implementing the formative assessment have also been rethought and discussed deeply.
ABSTRACT
The development of a cerebral organoid culture in vitro offers an opportunity to generate human brain-like organs to investigate mechanisms of human disease that are specific to the neurogenesis of radial glial (RG) and outer radial glial (oRG) cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the developing neocortex. Modeling neuronal progenitors and the organization that produces mature subcortical neuron subtypes during early stages of development is essential for studying human brain developmental diseases. Several previous efforts have shown to grow neural organoid in culture dishes successfully, however we demonstrate a new paradigm that recapitulates neocortical development process with VZ, OSVZ formation and the lamination organization of cortical layer structure. In addition, using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with dysfunction of the Aspm gene from a primary microcephaly patient, we demonstrate neurogenesis defects result in defective neuronal activity in patient organoids, suggesting a new strategy to study human developmental diseases in central nerve system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Action Potentials , Physiology , Biomarkers , Metabolism , Cell Culture Techniques , Embryoid Bodies , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Gene Expression , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Lateral Ventricles , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Microcephaly , Genetics , Metabolism , Pathology , Models, Biological , Mutation , Neocortex , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Genetics , Neurogenesis , Genetics , Neurons , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Organoids , Cell Biology , Metabolism , PAX6 Transcription Factor , Genetics , Metabolism , Patch-Clamp Techniques , SOXB1 Transcription Factors , Genetics , Metabolism , Zonula Occludens-1 Protein , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
Aim To evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of total phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.)Blume(CNTG)and its mecha-nisms.Methods The 60 hamsters were randomly divided into six groups,namely the control group,the model group,the positive control group(fenofibrate,150 mg·kg-1),the high(1 200 mg·kg-1),medium(600 mg·kg-1)and low(300 mg·kg-1)doses of CNTG groups.Only the control group was given control diet and other groups received high-fat diet.The changes of serum lipid were measured and analyzed in 1st week to ensure the successful establishment of the model.The drugs were administered daily for four weeks and the concentrations of lipids were determined in the 2nd week,3rd week and 4th week respectively.Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to assay the mRNA and protein expression of related signaling enzymes and proteins.Results Compared with the model group,the concentrations of serum TG,TC,LDL-C(P<0.05,P<0.01)and hepatic TG,TC(P<0.01)were effectively reduced in hamsters in CNTG-treated groups.Mechanism research found that CNTG increased the levels of phospho-AMPKα,LKB1 and phospho-LKB1 in liver(P<0.05).Conclusion CNTG prevents hyperlipidemia via activation of hepatic LKB1-AMPK pathway.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of accidental death among children under 5 in Wenzhou during the period of 2007—2016, and to provide basis for the intervention program of accidental death in children. Methods The accidental death case of children in Wenzhou during 2007—2016 were collected,then the variation intensity, trend, and cause of death spectrum of accidental death were analyzed. Results The accidental death rate of children under 5 in this city showed a downward trend (P<0.05) during 2007—2016, with 12.38 per ten thousand on average. The accidental death rate of children in rural area was 13.26 per ten thousand, which was higher than 9.99 per ten thousand in urban area (P<0.05) . The accidental death gap between urban and rural children was narrowed down (P<0.05) . The unintentional death rate of floating children was 18.56 per ten thousand, and was higher than that of local children which was 9.44 per ten thousand (P<0.05) . The first cause of accidental death in children under 5 was accidental asphyxia, but drowning (46.38%) was more prominent in the 1-4 year old children. Conclusion In Wenzhou, the first cause of accidental death in children under 5 was accidental asphyxia.The accidental death of migrant children was significantly higher than local children.These characteristics have a good directional effect on future intervention measures.
ABSTRACT
Objective To carry out mutation analysis of deafness-associated genes for deaf newborns and their parents, and to estimate the recurrence risk for their parents to have deaf descendants.Methods Suspected cases of inherited deafness were identified by neonatal hearing screening and questionnaires. Genomic DNAs of suspected cases and their parents were extracted from their peripheral blood samples . Common deafness-associated genes(i.e. GJB2,SLC26A4 and 12S rRNA genes)were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and those PCR products were sequenced for the mutation analysis.Results From 2013 to 2016, 193 cases of deafness were found in neonatal hearing screening,29 cases of suspected as hereditary deafness were screened,and 17 out of 29 cases were found to have mutations in deafness-associated genes(detection rate:58.62%). GJB2 homozygous mutations were identified in two cases and their parents,and the recurrence risk to have deaf descendants was 100%. Four cases of suspected hereditary deafness had GJB2 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both GJB2 mutation carriers. There was one case with SLC26A4 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both SLC26A4 mutation carrier. Two cases were detected to have GJB2 V371 homozygous mutations,and their parents were both GJB2 V371 mutation carriers. For those seven parents carrying deafness-associated mutations above,the recurrence risk of deafness for their descendants was 25%.Conclusion In addition to hearing screening,the genetic diagnosis of deafness-associated genes is helpful to clarify the cause of suspected neonatal hereditary deafness,and can provide objective reproductive counseling and guidance for those deaf parents or parents with deaf children.
