ABSTRACT
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that inhibit protein expression. We have previously shown that the inhibition of the microRNA let-7d in epithelial cells caused changes consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether the introduction of let-7d into fibroblasts alters their mesenchymal properties. Transfection of primary fibroblasts with let-7d caused a decrease in expression of the mesenchymal markers α-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin, fibroblast-specific protein-1, and fibronectin, as well as an increase in the epithelial markers tight junction protein-1 and keratin 19. Phenotypic changes were also present, including a delay in wound healing, reduced motility, and proliferation of fibroblasts following transfection. In addition, we examined the effects of transfection on fibroblast responsiveness to TGF-ß, an important factor in many fibrotic processes such as lung fibrosis and found that let-7d transfection significantly attenuated high-mobility group-A2 protein induction by TGF-ß. Our results indicate that administration of the epithelial microRNA let-7d can significantly alter the phenotype of primary fibroblasts.
Subject(s)
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Fibroblasts/cytology , Lung/metabolism , MicroRNAs/genetics , Myofibroblasts/metabolism , Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Actins/metabolism , Cadherins/metabolism , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Cell Movement/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibronectins/metabolism , HMGA2 Protein/metabolism , HMGB2 Protein/metabolism , Humans , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology , Keratin-19/metabolism , Lung/cytology , Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism , Pulmonary Fibrosis/genetics , S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4 , Snail Family Transcription Factors , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Transfection , Wound Healing/genetics , Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: During the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic, policy makers debated over whether, when, and how long to close schools. While closing schools could have reduced influenza transmission thereby preventing cases, deaths, and health care costs, it may also have incurred substantial costs from increased childcare needs and lost productivity by teachers and other school employees. METHODS: A combination of agent-based and Monte Carlo economic simulation modeling was used to determine the cost-benefit of closing schools (vs. not closing schools) for different durations (range: 1 to 8 weeks) and symptomatic case incidence triggers (range: 1 to 30) for the state of Pennsylvania during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic. Different scenarios varied the basic reproductive rate (R(0)) from 1.2, 1.6, to 2.0 and used case-hospitalization and case-fatality rates from the 2009 epidemic. Additional analyses determined the cost per influenza case averted of implementing school closure. RESULTS: For all scenarios explored, closing schools resulted in substantially higher net costs than not closing schools. For R(0) = 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 epidemics, closing schools for 8 weeks would have resulted in median net costs of $21.0 billion (95% Range: $8.0 - $45.3 billion). The median cost per influenza case averted would have been $14,185 ($5,423 - $30,565) for R(0) = 1.2, $25,253 ($9,501 - $53,461) for R(0) = 1.6, and $23,483 ($8,870 - $50,926) for R(0) = 2.0. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that closing schools during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic could have resulted in substantial costs to society as the potential costs of lost productivity and childcare could have far outweighed the cost savings in preventing influenza cases.
