Clinical impact of dysplastic changes in acquired aplastic anemia: A systematic study of bone marrow biopsies in children and adults.

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare disorder characterized by suppression of bone marrow function, which can progress to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To determine if there are characteristics in bone marrow biopsies in children and adults previously diagnosed with acquired AA, which could predict progression to MDS, we evaluated 118 hypocellular bone marrow biopsies from adults (76 patients) and children (42) diagnosed initially with acquired AA previously to any treatment. Histology was reviewed according to a detailed protocol including Bennett and Orazi criteria for hypocellular myelodysplastic syndrome (h-MDS) and Bauman et al. criteria for refractory cytopenia of childhood (RCC). Twelve patients (10.2%; 6 children and 6 adults) progressed to MDS after a median time of 56 months. Criteria described by Bennett and Orazi suggestive of h-MDS in bone marrow biopsies were detected in 16 cases (13.5%; 8 adults and 8 children), and none in patients that progressed to MDS/AML. Twenty adults' biopsies (26.3%) had the histological criteria used for the diagnosis of pediatric RCC, and none showed MDS/AML evolution. Ten children (23.8%) were reclassified morphologically as RCC, and only one progressed to MDS. In this population with acquired aplastic anemia (AAA), no histological/immunohistochemical (H/IHC) bone marrow findings could discriminate patients with higher risk for myeloid clonal progression, which questions the diagnosis of h-MDS/RCC based only on the finding of dysplasia in the cases without increased blasts and/or the characteristic genetic abnormalities.

Homozygous loss of function BRCA1 variant causing a Fanconi-anemia-like phenotype, a clinical report and review of previous patients.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic syndrome. It is associated with short stature, bone marrow failure, high predisposition to cancer, microcephaly and congenital malformation. Many genes have been associated with FA. Previously, two adult patients with biallelic pathogenic variant in Breast Cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) had been identified in Fanconi Anemia-like condition. CLINICAL REPORT: The proband was a 2.5 year-old girl with severe short stature, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental delay, congenital heart disease and dysmorphic features. Her parents were third degree cousins. Routine screening tests for short stature was normal. METHODS: We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) of the proband and used an analysis pipeline to identify rare nonsynonymous genetic variants that cause short stature. RESULTS: We identified a homozygous loss-of-function BRCA1 mutation (c.2709T > A; p. Cys903*), which promotes the loss of critical domains of the protein. Cytogenetic study with DEB showed an increased chromosomal breakage. We screened heterozygous parents of the index case for cancer and we detected, in her mother, a metastatic adenocarcinoma in an axillar lymph node with probable primary site in the breast. CONCLUSION: It is possible to consolidate the FA-like phenotype associated with biallelic loss-of-function BRCA1, characterized by microcephaly, short stature, developmental delay, dysmorphic face features and cancer predisposition. In our case, the WES allowed to establish the genetic cause of short stature in the context of a chromosome instability syndrome. An identification of BRCA1 mutations in our patient allowed precise genetic counseling and also triggered cancer screening for the patient and her family members.

Características genéticas da leucemia promielocítica aguda de novo / Genetics characteristics of de novo acute promyelocytic leukemia

Geneticamente, a leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA) caracteriza-se por alterações cromossômicas estruturais recorrentes, na grande maioria das vezes translocações, envolvendo sempre o lócus gênico para o receptor alfa do ácido retinoico (RARα) localizado no braço longo do cromossomo 17 (17q21), levando à formação de genes quiméricos e oncoproteínas de fusão. Em aproximadamente 98 por cento dos casos, o gene RARα se encontra fusionado com o gene PML resultante da translocação cromossômica recíproca t(15;17)(q22;q21) e, em cerca de 2 por cento dos casos, o gene RARα pode estar fusionado com outros genes que não o PML, levando à formação de proteínas de fusão conhecidas genericamente como X-RARα. A leucemia promielocítica aguda é um exemplo de malignidade hematológica onde se tem a combinação de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas (acetilação, desacetilação e metilação) no processo de leucemogênese, alterações cromossômicas estruturais influenciando no equilíbrio dinâmico da cromatina na região promotora de alguns genes. A utilização de técnicas moleculares que auxiliam no diagnóstico genético mais preciso e o desenvolvimento de uma terapia alvo molecular permitiram alcançar alta taxa de cura desta doença.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by structural chromosomal abnormalities involving the RARα (retinoic acid receptor a) gene located on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q21) that lead to the formation of chimeric genes and fusion oncoproteins. In about 98 percent of cases, the RARα gene is fused to the PML gene, the result of a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) and in the other 2 percent of cases the RARα gene may be fused to other genes, leading to the formation of fusion proteins known generically as X-RARα. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is an example of a hematologic malignancy where there is a combination of genetic and epigenetic (acetylation, deacetylation and methylation) changes in the leukemogenesis process, chromosome structural changes that affect the dynamic equilibrium of chromatin in the promoter region of some genes. The use of molecular techniques that improve genetic diagnosis and the development of targeted molecular therapy have provided a high cure rate of this disorder.