Differential carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolite production by the grapevine trunk pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Bt-67 grown on host and non-host biomass.

Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the most aggressive Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. This species may secrete enzymes capable of overcoming the plant barriers, leading to wood colonization. In addition to their roles in pathogenicity, there is an interest in taking advantage of N. parvum carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), related to plant cell wall degradation, for lignocellulose biorefining. Furthermore, N. parvum produces toxic secondary metabolites that may contribute to its virulence. In order to increase knowledge on the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence, as well as the exploration of its metabolism and CAZymes for lignocellulose biorefining, we evaluated the N. parvum strain Bt-67 capacity in producing lignocellulolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites when grown in vitro with two lignocellulosic biomasses: grapevine canes (GP) and wheat straw (WS). For this purpose, a multiphasic study combining enzymology, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses was performed. Enzyme assays showed higher xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, and glucosidase activities when the fungus was grown with WS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the lignocellulosic biomass degradation caused by the secreted enzymes. Transcriptomics indicated that the N. parvum Bt-67 gene expression profiles in the presence of both biomasses were similar. In total, 134 genes coding CAZymes were up-regulated, where 94 of them were expressed in both biomass growth conditions. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), glucosidases, and endoglucanases were the most represented CAZymes and correlated with the enzymatic activities obtained. The secondary metabolite production, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectophotometry-mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/Vis-MS), was variable depending on the carbon source. The diversity of differentially produced metabolites was higher when N. parvum Bt-67 was grown with GP. Overall, these results provide insight into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass on virulence factor expressions. Moreover, this study opens the possibility of optimizing the enzyme production from N. parvum with potential use for lignocellulose biorefining.

Botryosphaeriaceae gene machinery: Correlation between diversity and virulence.

The Botryosphaeriaceae family comprises numerous fungal pathogens capable of causing economically meaningful diseases in a wide range of crops. Many of its members can live as endophytes and turn into aggressive pathogens following the onset of environmental stress events. Their ability to cause disease may rely on the production of a broad set of effectors, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites, and peptidases. Here, we conducted comparative analyses of 41 genomes representing six Botryosphaeriaceae genera to provide insights into the genetic features linked to pathogenicity and virulence. We show that these Botryosphaeriaceae genomes possess a large diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes; 128 families) and peptidases (45 families). Botryosphaeria, Neofusicoccum, and Lasiodiplodia presented the highest number of genes encoding CAZymes involved in the degradation of the plant cell wall components. The genus Botryosphaeria also exhibited the highest abundance of secreted CAZymes and peptidases. Generally, the secondary metabolites gene cluster profile was consistent in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, except for Diplodia and Neoscytalidium. At the strain level, Neofusicoccum parvum NpBt67 stood out among all the Botryosphaeriaceae genomes, presenting a higher number of secretome constituents. In contrast, the Diplodia strains showed the lowest richness of the pathogenicity- and virulence-related genes, which may correlate with their low virulence reported in previous studies. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence in remarkable Botryosphaeriaceae species. Our results also support that Botryosphaeriaceae species could be used as an interesting biotechnological tool for lignocellulose fractionation and bioeconomy.

Paro cardiaco extrahospitalario: conocimientos en una comunidad universitaria / Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: knowledge in a university community

Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento de una comunidad universitaria en Bogotá, para actuar como primer respondiente ante situaciones de emergencia como el paro cardiorrespiratorio y sus principales causas. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra: 1.294 integrantes de una comunidad universitaria, margen de error 3,0 %; nivel de confianza 97,0 %. Muestreo por conveniencia. La información se recolectó a través de la plataforma Google Forms®, por medio de un cuestionario de catorce preguntas, distribuidas en tres categorías: reconocimiento del evento, activación de sistema de emergencias y atención inicial. Se cumplieron los requisitos éticos para la investigación en salud en Colombia. Resultados: el 62,7 % de los participantes identificó las acciones para reconocer un paro cardiorrespiratorio y, aunque el 83,6 % ante estas situaciones llamaría a emergencias, solo el 37,0 % afirmó conocer el número telefónico. La sospecha de síndrome coronario agudo es un evento considerado por un 68,2 % como una emergencia; no sucede lo mismo con el accidente cerebrovascular, donde solo el 52,1 %, tenía esta claridad. El 81, 4 % describió acciones correctas frente a una víctima con obstrucción grave de la vía aérea por cuerpo extraño y el 50,6 % si la obstrucción es leve. Conclusión: el nivel de conocimiento de la comunidad universitaria en materia de atención del paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario es bajo predominantemente relacionado con las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar y la operación del desfibrilador externo automático. Resulta necesario implementar estrategias educativas dirigidas a todas las comunidades, y esto podría ser una oportunidad de desarrollo para el profesional de enfermería en los diferentes ámbitos de acción.

Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of a university community in Bogotá to act as first responders in emergencies like cardiopulmonary arrests and their main causes. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Sample: 1294 members of a university community, 3% error, 97% confidence level. Convenience sampling method was used. Data were collected through the Google Forms® platform using a 14-item questionnaire, addressing three categories: event recognition, emergency system activation, and initial assistance. The ethical requirements for health research in Colombia were met. Results: More than half of the participants (62.7%) identified the actions to recognize cardiopulmonary arrest and, although 83.6% would call the emergency services in such situations, only 37.0% said they knew the telephone number. Suspected acute coronary syndrome is considered by 68.2% as an emergency; this is not the case of strokes, which only 52.1% considered them emergencies. Correct actions were described by 81.4% of the participants for severe foreign body airway obstruction and by 50.6% for mild airway obstruction. Conclusion: The university community's knowledge level about out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest assistance is low, especially regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of an automated external defibrillator. Implementing educational strategies aimed at all communities is necessary, and it could mean a development opportunity for nursing professionals in different fields of action.

Objetivo: determinar o nível de conhecimento de uma comunidade universitária de Bogotá, para atuar como o primeiro respondente em situações de emergência como parada cardiorrespiratória e suas principais causas. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. Amostra: 1.294 membros de uma comunidade universitária, margem de erro de 3,0%; nível de confiança de 97,0%. Amostragem por conveniência. As informações foram coletadas por meio da plataforma Google Forms®, mediante um questionário de quatorze perguntas, distribuídas em três categorias: reconhecimento do evento, acionamento do sistema de emergência e atendimento inicial. Cumpriram-se os requisitos éticos para a pesquisa em saúde na Colômbia. Resultados: 62,7% dos participantes identificaram as ações para reconhecer uma parada cardiorrespiratória e, embora 83,6% ligassem para o pronto-socorro nessas situações, apenas 37,0% afirmaram conhecer o número de telefone. A suspeita de síndrome coronariana aguda é um evento considerado por 68,2% como uma emergência; o mesmo não acontece com o acidente vascular cerebral, onde apenas 52,1% tinham essa clareza. 81,4% descreveram ações corretas diante de uma vítima com obstrução grave de via aérea por corpo estranho e 50,6% se a obstrução for leve. Conclusão: o nível de conhecimento da comunidade universitária quanto ao atendimento à parada cardíaca extra-hospitalar é baixo, predominantemente relacionado às manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar e ao funcionamento do desfibrilador externo automático. É necessária a implementação de estratégias educacionais voltadas para todas as comunidades, e esta pode ser uma oportunidade de desenvolvimento para o profissional de enfermagem nos diferentes campos de atuação.

Making 'Chemical Cocktails' - Evolution of Urban Geochemical Processes across the Periodic Table of Elements.

Urbanization contributes to the formation of novel elemental combinations and signatures in terrestrial and aquatic watersheds, also known as 'chemical cocktails.' The composition of chemical cocktails evolves across space and time due to: (1) elevated concentrations from anthropogenic sources, (2) accelerated weathering and corrosion of the built environment, (3) increased drainage density and intensification of urban water conveyance systems, and (4) enhanced rates of geochemical transformations due to changes in temperature, ionic strength, pH, and redox potentials. Characterizing chemical cocktails and underlying geochemical processes is necessary for: (1) tracking pollution sources using complex chemical mixtures instead of individual elements or compounds; (2) developing new strategies for co-managing groups of contaminants; (3) identifying proxies for predicting transport of chemical mixtures using continuous sensor data; and (4) determining whether interactive effects of chemical cocktails produce ecosystem-scale impacts greater than the sum of individual chemical stressors. First, we discuss some unique urban geochemical processes which form chemical cocktails, such as urban soil formation, human-accelerated weathering, urban acidification-alkalinization, and freshwater salinization syndrome. Second, we review and synthesize global patterns in concentrations of major ions, carbon and nutrients, and trace elements in urban streams across different world regions and make comparisons with reference conditions. In addition to our global analysis, we highlight examples from some watersheds in the Baltimore-Washington DC region, which show increased transport of major ions, trace metals, and nutrients across streams draining a well-defined land-use gradient. Urbanization increased the concentrations of multiple major and trace elements in streams draining human-dominated watersheds compared to reference conditions. Chemical cocktails of major and trace elements were formed over diurnal cycles coinciding with changes in streamflow, dissolved oxygen, pH, and other variables measured by high-frequency sensors. Some chemical cocktails of major and trace elements were also significantly related to specific conductance (p<0.05), which can be measured by sensors. Concentrations of major and trace elements increased, peaked, or decreased longitudinally along streams as watershed urbanization increased, which is consistent with distinct shifts in chemical mixtures upstream and downstream of other major cities in the world. Our global analysis of urban streams shows that concentrations of multiple elements along the Periodic Table significantly increase when compared with reference conditions. Furthermore, similar biogeochemical patterns and processes can be grouped among distinct mixtures of elements of major ions, dissolved organic matter, nutrients, and trace elements as chemical cocktails. Chemical cocktails form in urban waters over diurnal cycles, decades, and throughout drainage basins. We conclude our global review and synthesis by proposing strategies for monitoring and managing chemical cocktails using source control, ecosystem restoration, and green infrastructure. We discuss future research directions applying the watershed chemical cocktail approach to diagnose and manage environmental problems. Ultimately, a chemical cocktail approach targeting sources, transport, and transformations of different and distinct elemental combinations is necessary to more holistically monitor and manage the emerging impacts of chemical mixtures in the world's fresh waters.

Warfarina y Practicas Culturales / Warfarina and cultural practices / Warfarina e práticas culturais

La terapia anticoagulante es un tratamiento utilizado clínicamente desde la década de los años 50. Actualmente y a pesar de la aparición de nuevos fármacos la warfarina sigue siendo el medicamento más utilizado. La necesidad de monitoreo frecuente, además de la interacción con fármacos y alimentos, así como la necesidad de transformar la cotidianidad de las personas que la consumen, modifican las prácticas culturales de estos pacientes, pudiendo afectar aspectos tales como la adherencia. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Describir las prácticas culturales transformadas por las personas pertenecientes a un programa de anticoagulación en terapia con warfarina. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo tipo micro etnografía, realizado en Bogotá, Colombia. RESULTADOS: Se contó con la participación de 10 informantes quienes asociado al uso de warfarina transformaron prácticas culturales entorno al conocimiento, la cotidianidad y las emociones

A terapia anticoagulante é um tratamento usado clinicamente desde a década de 50. Atualmente, apesar do surgimento de novos medicamentos, a varfarina continua sendo a medicação mais utilizada. A necessidade de monitoramento frequente, além da interações medicamentosas e com alimentos, como a necessidade de transformar a cotidianidade das pessoas que consomem a varfarina; modificam as práticas culturais desses pacientes, podendo afetar aspectos como a adesão ao tratamento. OBJETIVO: Descrever as práticas culturais transformadas por pessoas pertencentes a um programa de anticoagulação na terapia com varfarina. METODOLOGIA: estudo qualitativo tipo micro-etnografia, feito na Bogotá, Colômbia. RESULTADOS: Participaram 10 informantes que transformaram práticas culturais em torno ao conhecimento, a cotidianidade e as emoções associadas ao uso da varfarina

Anticoagulant therapy is a treatment used clinically since the 1950s. Currently, despite the appearance of new drugs, warfarin remains the most widely used one. The need for frequent monitoring, in addition to the interaction with drugs and foods, as well as the need to transform the everyday life of people who consume it, modify the cultural practices of these patients, and may affect aspects such as adherence. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: Describe the cultural practices transformed by people who are part of an anticoagulation program in warfarin therapy. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative study type micro ethnography, carried out in Bogotá, Colombia. RESULTS: We had the participation of 10 informants who, associated with the use of warfarin, transformed cultural practices around knowledge, everyday life and emotions

Profile and clinical indicators of an anticoagulation domiciliary program in Bogota / Perfil e indicadores clínicos en un programa domiciliario de anticoagulación en Bogotá / Perfil e indicadores clínicos de um programa de assistência domiciliar de anticoagulação em Bogotá

Objective: Describe the profile and clinical indicators of people from a domiciliary anticoagulation program in the city of Bogota, during a year of monitoring. Materials and methods: Quantitative study of descriptive scope. The population was made of 66 people from the program, who met the inclusion criteria and were cared for a year. Some of the measured variables were: type of anticoagulant, anticoagulation indications, functional compromise, risk of bleeding and time in therapeutic range. The information was obtained from monthly statistics from the program, univariate analyzed, reporting frequency distributions and ethical aspects were protected for the health research. Results: 66 patients older than 60 years of age that received Warfa-rin were attended and the main symptom was atrial fibrillation. The patients reached the therapeutic target in the first 9 days, achieving 70% of time in the therapeutic range, and no adverse events were presented although being at intermediate-high risk of bleeding, severe functional detriment and high comorbidity. Conclusion: The permanent monitoring of coagulation time, availability of additional controls, fast ad-justments in the anticoagulation doses, health education and a direct communication channel between the patient, the family, and the healthcare team, could improve the clinical indicators of anticoagulated patients.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil e indicadores clínicos de las personas pertenecientes a un programa domiciliario de anticoagulación en la ciudad de Bogotá, durante un año de seguimiento. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo. La población estuvo integrada por 66 personas pertenecientes al programa, quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron atendidas durante un año. Algunas va-riables medidas fueron: tipo de anticoagulante, indicación de anticoagulación, com-promiso funcional, riesgo de sangrado y tiempo en rango terapéutico. La información fue obtenida de la estadística mensual del programa, analizada de forma univariada, reportando distribución de frecuencias, y se salvaguardaron los aspectos éticos para la investigación en salud. Resultados: Se atendieron 66 pacientes mayores de 60 años que recibían warfarina y la indicación principal fue fibrilación auricular. Las personas alcan-zaron la meta terapéutica en los primeros 9 días, logrando un 70 % del tiempo en rango terapéutico, y no se presentaron eventos adversos a pesar de tener riesgo intermedio-alto de sangrado, deterioro severo de la funcionalidad y alta comorbilidad. Conclusión: El monitoreo permanente de tiempos de coagulación, disponibilidad de controles adicionales, ajustes rápidos en la dosis de anticoagulante, educación en salud y un canal directo de comunicación entre el paciente, la familia y el equipo de salud, podrían mejorar los indicadores clínicos de las personas anticoaguladas

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil e indicadores clínicos das pessoas que conformam um programa de as-sistência domiciliar de anticoagulação na cidade de Bogotá, realizada em um ano de acompanhamen-to. Materiais e métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo. A amostra esteve composta por 66 pessoas que pertenceram ao programa e foram acompanhadas por um ano. Algumas variáveis aferidas foram: tipo de anticoagulante, indicações da anticoagulação, comprometimento funcional, risco de sangra-mento e tempo no rango terapêutico. As aferições realizaram-se todo mês e a análise realizou-se de forma univariada, reportando distribuições de frequências. Foram considerados os aspectos éticos para a pesquisa em saúde. Resultados: Atenderam-se 66 pessoas maiores de 60 anos que receberam warfarina e a indicação foi o diagnóstico de fibrilação auricular. As pessoas conquistaram as metas terapêuticas e não apresentaram complicações nos primeiros 9 dias de tratamento, além de obter 70% de tempo do rango terapêutico. Também não houve eventos adversos embora o risco intermeio-alto de sangramento, deterioro da funcionalidade ou alta morbidade. Conclusão: O acompanhamento permanente dos tempos de coagulação, a disponibilidade de atendimentos adicionais, ajustes rápidos nas dosagens do anticoagulante, a educação em saúde e a comunicação direta entre o paciente à família e a equipe de saúde, poderão melhorar os indicadores clínicos das pessoas anticoaguladas