ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapy that associates the photosensitizer (PS), oxygen and light to destroy cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) is considered a second generation phenothiazine dye with excellent photochemical properties. AIM: To evaluate whether MB-mediated PDT can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, therefore, interfering tumor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on Wistar rats transplanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (W256). The proinflammatory interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were determined by ELISA, mRNA expression of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS and eNOS by RT-PCR, lipid peroxidation was measured by the TBARS method. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in neutrophils was determined by MPO activity assay. All indices mentioned above were determined in tumor tissue. Kaplan - Meier and Gehan - Breslow - Wilcoxon tests were used for survival analysis. RESULTS: We found that the treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 provoked a significant increase in the interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), prostaglandin E2, the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, lipid peroxidation and MPO activity in tumor tissue, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) compared to other experimental and control groups. The results of the estimation of survival curves show a greater probability of survival in 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 (total energy dose =142.8 J/cm2) treated group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 was able to promote cytotoxic effects in tumor tissue by the generation of reactive oxygen species causing inflammation and thus interfering in the tumor growth.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma 256, Walker/drug therapy , Methylene Blue/pharmacology , Photochemotherapy/methods , Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Animals , Carrier Proteins/blood , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism , Female , Inflammation/chemically induced , Interleukin-10/blood , Interleukin-1beta/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Lipid Peroxidation , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Neutrophils/immunology , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapy that associates the photosensitizer (PS), oxygen and light to destroy cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) is considered a second generation phenothiazine dye with excellent photochemical properties. Aim: To evaluate whether MB-mediated PDT can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, therefore, interfering tumor growth. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on Wistar rats transplanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (W256). The proinflammatory interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a) were determined by ELISA, mRNA expression of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS and eNOS by RT-PCR, lipid peroxidation was measured by the TBARS method. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in neutrophils was determined by MPO activity assay. All indices mentioned above were determined in tumor tissue. Kaplan — Meier and Gehan — Breslow — Wilcoxon tests were used for survival analysis. Results: We found that the treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 provoked a significant increase in the interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a), prostaglandin E2, the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, lipid peroxidation and MPO activity in tumor tissue, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) compared to other experimental and control groups. The results of the estimation of survival curves show a greater probability of survival in 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 (total energy dose =142.8 J/cm2 ) treated group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 was able to promote cytotoxic effects in tumor tissue by the generation of reactive oxygen species causing inflammation and thus interfering in the tumor growth
ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapy that associates the photosensitizer (PS), oxygen and light to destroy cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) is considered a second generation phenothiazine dye with excellent photochemical properties. Aim: To evaluate whether MB-mediated PDT can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, therefore, interfering tumor growth. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on Wistar rats transplanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (W256). The proinflammatory interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a) were determined by ELISA, mRNA expression of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS and eNOS by RT-PCR, lipid peroxidation was measured by the TBARS method. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in neutrophils was determined by MPO activity assay. All indices mentioned above were determined in tumor tissue. Kaplan — Meier and Gehan — Breslow — Wilcoxon tests were used for survival analysis. Results: We found that the treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 provoked a significant increase in the interleukins levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a), prostaglandin E2, the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, lipid peroxidation and MPO activity in tumor tissue, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) compared to other experimental and control groups. The results of the estimation of survival curves show a greater probability of survival in 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 (total energy dose =142.8 J/cm2 ) treated group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that treatment of W256 with 0.1% MB + 1 J/cm2 was able to promote cytotoxic effects in tumor tissue by the generation of reactive oxygen species causing inflammation and thus interfering in the tumor growth
ABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the aerobic capacity of male professional futsal players. METHODS: A total of 186 players (22 goalkeepers and 164 on-court players) of three Brazilian futsal teams from first division performed ergospirometric evaluations (incremental test protocol) in a motorized treadmill. Data from maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and second ventilatory threshold (VT2), as well as speed, heart rate (HR) and BORG scale were presented in relation to total of sample and isolated by two main futsal tactical positions: goalkeepers and on-court players. RESULTS: The mean values to VO2max and VT2 observed in futsal players were respectively 58.00±6.37 mL/kg/min and 51.25±5.84 mL/kg/min. Players reached the VO2max at 96.95±4.66% of HRmax and the VT2 at 90.07±5.02%. Goalkeepers presented higher values (P<0.01) of body mass and height than on-court players. On-court players presented higher VO2max and VT2 in comparison to goalkeepers, and reached these levels at higher exercise levels (speed) than goalkeepers. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that goalkeepers are significantly differents than on-court players regarding aerobic capacity. In this perspective, these differences are relevant to coaches when planning aerobic training sessions in futsal teams.
