Interleucina-6 y resistina en relación con las medidas antropométricas en escolares / Interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children

La prevalencia mundial de obesidad infantil ha aumentado considerablemente en las últimas tres décadas. La creciente incidencia en niños de trastornos como diabetes tipo 2, se cree es consecuencia de esta epidemia. Aunque los mecanismos exactos aún no están claros, la producción o secreción de adipocinas causadas por el exceso de tejido adiposo y su disfunción, pueden contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas relacionadas con la obesidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar en escolares las concentraciones séricas de interleucina-6 (IL-6) y resistina, y relacionarlas con las medidas antropométricas. Se estudiaron 103 escolares. La evaluación antropométrica incluyó peso, talla, pliegue tricipital (PTr), circunferencia de cintura (CC), índice cintura-talla (C/T) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Las concentraciones de IL-6 y resistina fueron determinadas según el método ELISA. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20. Se consideró el 95% de confiabilidad estadística (p<0,05). La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue 15,54% y obesidad 11,65%. Los escolares con CC aumentada, índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) e IMC (sobrepeso) mostraron valores significativamente más elevados de IL-6. Solo los escolares con CC aumentada e índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) mostraron valores promedio más altos de resistina (p<0,05). La interleucina-6 mostró correlación positiva con CC (r=0,229;p=0,020) e índice cintura-talla (r=0,397;p<0,001); la resistina con el índice cintura-talla (r=0,283;p=0,004). Estos resultados sugieren que la CC y el índice cintura-talla son buenos indicadores antropométricos en escolares, pues su incremento se correlaciona de manera positiva con las citocinas proinflamatorias, vinculadas con el aumento del riesgo cardio-metabólico en la población infantil.

The worldwide prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly over the past three decades. The increasing occurrence in children of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, is believed to be a consequence of this obesity epidemic. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, dysregulated production or secretion of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the serum levels of interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children. One hundred and three school-age children were studied. The anthropometric assessment included weight, height, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Interleukin-6 and resistin levels were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 statistical program and 95% CIs (p<0.05) was considered significant. BMI values indicated that 15.54 % of the population was overweight, and 11.65 % was obese. We found that scholars with excess WC, WHtR and BMI (overweight) had higher levels of IL-6 and scholars with excess WC and WHtR had higher levels of resistin (p <0.05). Interleukin-6 showed positive correlation with WC (r=0.229; p = 0.020) and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.397; p<0.001); and resistin with waist-to-height ratio (r=0.283; p= 0.004). These results suggest that WC and waist-to-height ratio are good anthropometric indicators in school children, contributing to early detection and prognosis of metabolic risks in children, due to their positive correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and resistin).

Interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children.

The worldwide prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly over the past three decades. The increasing occurrence in children of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, is believed to be a consequence of this obesity epidemic. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, dysregulated production or secretion of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the development of obesity-related me- tabolic diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the serum levels of interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children. One hundred and three school-age children were studied. The anthropometric assessment included weight, hei- ght, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WiHtR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Interleukin-6 and resistin levels were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 statistical program and 95% CIs (p<0.05) was considelred significant. BMI values indicated that 15.54 % of the population was overweight, and 11.65 % was obese. We found that scholars with excess WC, WHtR and BMI (overweight) had higher levels of IL-6 and scholars with excess WC and WHtR had higher levels of resistin (p <0.05). Interleukin-6 showed positive correlation with WC (r=0.229; p = 0.020) and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.397; p

Helicobacter pylori: bacterial factors and the role of cytokines in the immune response.

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative micro-aerophilic bacterium that is widely distributed geographically and causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Bacterial virulence factors play an important role, since the virulent strains are more aggressive and increase the risk of developing severe clinical manifestations; in addition, other determinant factors are the nutritional state and the immune response of the host. Studies on humans, non-human primates, and rodents have reported that regulating proteins of the Th1 phenotype predominate in the immune response to the bacterial infection. The cytokines produced by this phenotype, are not very effective in eradicating the microorganism and furthermore, contribute to gastro-duodenal pathogenesis. Gastric inflammation in patients infected with H. pylori has been characterized by increased production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Many prophylactic and therapeutic strategies have been researched using experimental animals. The utilization and effectiveness of vaccination on humans requires more study.

Anemia y depleción de las reservas de hierro en adolescentes de sexo femenino no embarazadas / Anemia and depleted reserves of iron in non pregnant female adolescent

La anemia por deficiencia de hierro es el desorden nutricional de mayor prevalencia en el mundo. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de anemia y depleción de las reservas de hierro (DRFe) en adolescentes de sexo femenino no embarazadas de Maracaibo-Venezuela. Sujetos y métodos: Se estudiaron 74 adolescentes (16,03 +/- 1,19 años) sanas. Se consideró anemia Hb<120g/1; DRFe=ferritina<15 ug/l; reservas insuficientes de Fe (RIFe)=15-20 ug/l y reservas de hierro normal (RFe normal)>20 ug/l. Los datos fueron analizados con SAS, p<0,05. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia fue 48,65 por ciento; DRFe=41,95 por ciento y RIFe=13,51 por ciento; anemia con DRFe y RIFe=32,43 por ciento; y anemia+RFe normal= 16,22 por ciento. Adolescentes anémicas+RIFe mostraron IMC significativamente más bajo (p<0,05). Adolescentes con déficit nutricional (25,68 por ciento), mostraron anemia+DRFe (5,41 por ciento) y DRFe+RIFe (13,52 por ciento). Adolescentes con sobrepeso (8,10 por ciento), presentaron anemia+DRFe (4,05 por ciento). En adolescentes con IMC normal (66,22 por ciento), 40,74 por ciento presentaron DRFe y RIFe asociado o no con anemia. En adolescentes anémicas+DRFe la prevalencia de microcitosis (21,62 por ciento) e hipocromía (22,97 por ciento) fue significativamente superior (p=0,0125 y p=0,0104, respectivamente) que la observada en las adolescentes anémicas con RFe normales, y las adolescentes no anémicas con afectación de las reservas de hierro (DRFe y RIFe). Conclusiones: La anemia y la depleción de las reservas de hierro son alteraciones altamente prevalentes en adolescentes de sexo femenino. La detección temprana podría contribuir como estrategia de salud a la prevención de los trastornos del desarrollo físico e intelectual ocasionados por la carencia de este micronutriente.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in the world. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and of depleted reserves of iron (RID) in non pregnant female adolescents form Maracaibo-Venezuela. Methods: The study population consisted of seventy-four adolescents (16.0+1.2 years old). Anemia was considered when Hb<120gll; RID (ferritin)<15 ug/l insufficient reserves of iron IRI=15-20 ug/l and normal reserves of iron (RIN)>20 ug/l.. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 48.65 percent; RID=41.95 percent; IRI=13.51 percent; anemia with RID and IRI=32.43 percent and anemia wioth RIN=16.22 percent. Adolescents with anemia+IRI showed a significantly decreased body mass index (BMI) (p<0.05). Adolescents with undernutrition (25.68 percent), had anemia with RID (5.41 percent) and RID with IRI (13.52 percent). Adolescents with overweight (8.10 percent), showed anemia with RID=4,05 percent. In adolescents with normal BMI (66.22 percent), 40.74 percent had RID and IRI associated or not associated with anemia. In adolescent with anemia with RID the prevalence of microcytic (21.62 percent) and hypochromic (22.97 percent) anemia were higher than other groups (p=0.0125 and p=0.0104, respectively). Conclusions: Anemia and depleted iron deficiency stores are highly prevalent in female adolescents. Early detection of iron depletion would help physical and intellectual development so that adequate sanitary policies are necessary for its prevention.

Anemia y depleción de las reservas de hierro en niños con síndrome de down / Anemia y iron stores depletion in children with down syndrome

En el Síndrome de Down (SD) son escasos los estudios que determinan la prevalencia de anemia y deplecion de las reservas de hierro (DRFe). Evaluar la prevalencia de anemia y DRFe en ninos con SD de Maracaibo-Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 169 ninos entre 4-14 años: ochenta y siete sin SD y 80 con SD, sin procesos infecciosos e inflamatorios activos. Se consideró anemia valores de hemoglobina <110 g/L en <5 años, <115 g/L entre 5-11 años y <120 g/L entre 12-14 años. Microcitosis vcm<80 fL, Hipocromía HCM<27 pg. Se consideró DRFe=ferritina<15µg/L; riesgo de DRFe (RDRFe) ferritina=15-20µg/L y reservas normales (RFe normal) ferritina>20µg/L. Los datos fueron analizados con el pregrama de estadísticas SAS, y se consideró como significación estadística una p<0,05. La prevalencia total de anemia fue 20,71 por ciento, significativamente más baja en niños con SD (5,92 por ciento) (p<0,01). La prevalencia de microcitosis (5,0 por ciento) e hipocromia (18,75 por ciento) también fue menor en estos niños (p<0,0001), no observándose casos de macrocitosis, pero si de hipercromía (7,50 por ciento). La prevalencia de DRFe en niños con SD (9,14 por ciento) fue superior a la observada en niños sin SD; sin embargo, la prevalencia de RDRFe (36,59 por ciento), fue más baja en niños con SD. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a edad, peso y estatura. La depleción y riesgo de depleción de las reservas de hierro son deficiencias nutricionales prevalentes en niños con Síndrome de Down, que requieren de una atención especial del estado nutricional y de salud en esta población.

There are few studies in relation to the prevalence of anemia and depletion of iron stores (DIS) in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and DIS in children with Down Syndrome from Maracaibo-Venezuela. A descriptive study was carried out on 169 chidren (aged 4 to 14 years); 87 without DS and 80 with DS; without infectious or inflammatory processes. Anemia was considered when Hemoglobin <110 g/L in <5y old, Hb<115 g/L in 5 to 11y old and Hb<120 g/L in 12 to 14 y old; microcytosis (mean corpuscular volume MCV<80 fL) and hypochromia (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin MCH<27 pg). DIS=ferritin<15µg/L; DIS risk ferritin=15-20µg/L and normal iron stores normal (NIS) ferritin>20µg/L. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS programs, Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. The overall prevalence of anemia was 20.71%. This prevalence was much lower in children with DS (5.92%; p<0.01) Prevalence of microcytosis (5.0%) and hypochromia (18.75%) were also significantly lower in children with DS (p<0.0001). No macrocytosis was observed but hipercromia was detected in 7.50%. Although, the prevalence of DIS (9.14%) was higher in children with DS, the prevalence of DIS risk was lower (36.59%). Age, weight and height did not show statistical differences between groups. DIS and DIS risk are prevalent nutritional deficiencies in children with Down Syndrome, which require special attention in order to improve nutritional and health status in this population.