[Comparative aspect of normative (reference) values of indicators of length and weight of children living in the region of the Far North (part 1 - body length indicators)].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: to analyze the differences in the normative (reference) values of the body length indicators of children and adolescents living in four ecological and geographical zones of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Statistical data processing was carried out on 24,123 schoolchildren who do not have chronic diseases belonging to health groups I and II. Statistical, analytical, mathematical and sociological methods were used. RESULTS: Among boys, the highest level of statistically significant differences in body length was observed in the age groups of 12, 13 and 15-17 years, among girls - in the age groups of 13, 14 and 16 years. Higher reference values of body length indicators for boys and girls living in the industrial regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), lower - for those living in the Arctic zone of the Far North and rural areas of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where the population is represented mainly by the indigenous peoples of the Far North.

[Comparative aspect of normative (reference) values of indicators of length and weight of children living in the region of the Far North. Part 2. Body weight indicators].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: to analyze the differences in the normative (reference) values of the body weight indicators of children and adolescents living in four ecological and geographical zones of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Statistical data processing was carried out on 24,123 schoolchildren who do not have chronic diseases belonging to health groups I and II. Statistical, analytical, mathematical and sociological methods were used. RESULTS: The analysis showed that the greatest differences in this indicator were recorded in groups of children of primary school age, both among boys and girls. The highest values of reference indicators for body weight were determined in the younger age groups of boys and girls living in Yakutsk, and in older age groups - in those living in the industrial regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The lowest values of these indicators were determined in children in rural areas of the region.

[The content of zinc and selenium in local food products of Yakutia].

Deficiency of the necessary complex of micronutrients under abnormal nutrition structure creates a problem for the preservation of health and performance of the population. In this regard, it is very relevant to develop a science-based strategy for the consumption of traditional Yakut national food that have a high nutritional value and are able to satisfy the requirements of the human body in micronutrients. The purpose of the research was to investigate the content of selenium and zinc in the local foods which are most commonly consumed by the population of Yakutia. Material and methods. The objects of study were meat (7-9 cuts each) and offal (9-11 species each) of the Yakut cattle breed (2 bulls at the age of 2.5 years), of the Yakut horse foals (3 heads at the age of 6 months), northern domestic deer (3 heads), and whitefish (Coregonus muksun), Yakut crucian carp (Carassius carassius jacuticus), lake minnow [Phoxinus percnurus (Pallas)] (3 kg each). The trace elements, zinc and selenium, were determined by infrared spectroscopy. Results. The greatest amount of zinc in the meat of farm animals was noted in the meat of Yakut cattle (6.8±0.3 mg/100 g) and Yakut horse foals (6.7±0.2 mg/100 g), and the lowest - in the meat of domestic reindeer (1.5±0.1 mg/100 g). In terms of selenium content, the meat of domestic reindeer had the highest indicators (37.0±1.0 µg/100 g), and the meat of Yakut cattle had the lowest (19.0±0.8 µg/100g). The highest concentration of zinc and selenium was found in by-products of reindeer: zinc level in the heart and liver was 12.8 mg/100 g, in the small intestine and rennet - 19.0-20.4 mg/100 g, selenium level in the colon and rennet was 41.0-46.7 µg/100 g. The content of zinc and selenium in the fresh-water muksun belly (2.14±0.08 mg and 45.0±1.8 µg in 100 g) was 32.3-37.2% higher than in the fillet of muksun, and selenium level was 3 fold higher than in the Yakut carp and in the lake minnow. The consumption of 100-200 g of meat or by-products of Yakut cattle, Yakut horse foals, by-products of reindeer or Yakut crucian carp can fully cover the daily requirement of an adult in zinc. The consumption of 200 g of venison or muksun completely covers the daily need for selenium, while the portion of the other studied products contains about half or more of recommended daily intake of this trace element. Conclusion. The data presented in the article show that the population of Yakutia, with a rational diet with local products, can meet the requirements in selenium and zinc in accordance with physiological needs.

[The natality and mortality of population in various social economic regions of the Far North].

The issues of improving demographic situation in Russia at large and in its particular subjects are of special actuality. Therefore, the study was carried out concerning actual characteristics of population natural movement with consideration of regional specifics of the northern and eastern territories of the country. Nowadays, in Far North regions, Arctic and Sub-Arctic territories, Far East territories that occupy almost 2/3 of the area of the Russian Federation reside less than 10% of total population. By virtue of immense industrial and resource potential of these regions, the issue of natural population increase in the northern and arctic territories is of strategic importance for the Russian Federation. The entire territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is included in the Far North regions. The demographic situation in this territory is determined both by processes of national level and specific climatic, economic and other conditions specific for northern and arctic territories. The study was carried out to comparatively analyze indices of population natural movement in various social economic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) such as arctic, agricultural and industrial, including Yakutsk. It was established that most unfavorable demographic situation from point of view of processes of population natural reproduction is observed in industrial regions, where lowest natality indices are observed at high mortality rates. The highest natality indices were noted in agricultural regions. The highest mortality indices were specific for Arctic and industrial regions and the lowest ones for Yakutsk. Since 2014, occurs slowdown of natural population increase in all groups of regions, while in industrial areas in 2006 and 2020, natural population loss was recorded. The revealed differences in medical and demographic indices are a basis of implementation of regional programs targeted to development of social economic living conditions and improvement of demographic policy in regions of the Far North.

[On the issue of characteristics of height weight anthropometric indices in children and adolescents residing in various regions of Russia].

The issues of protecting the health of the children and adolescent population of Russia require detailed study of the regional characteristics of the indices of physical development, determined by anthropometric growth and weight criteria. The purpose of the study is to analyze the regional characteristics of average height and weight anthropometric indices of children of school age (7-17 years) living in various regions of the Russian Federation. The assessment of statistically significant differences in average height and weight anthropometric indices children of school age was carried out to establish the basis of developing normative indices of 10 regional "Standards of physical development of children of school age (7-17 years old)" covering such Federal Okrugs as the Central (Kostroma), North-West (St. Petersburg), North Caucasian (Makhachkala, Grozny, Vladikavkaz), Privolzhsky (Kazan, rural areas of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cheboksary ) and Far East (Yakutsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). For the first time the statistical analysis considered simultaneously the anthropometric data of the population sample of the examined children of health groups I and II (healthy and practically healthy). Namely, 41030 persons were allocated to conditional age groups: junior (7-9 years), middle (10-14 years) and senior (15-17 years old) school age. The differences in regional height and weight indices of physical development of children were statistically significant only in groups of comparison of indices of height and body weight of schoolchildren in the older age group.

[The Gender Age Characteristics of the Population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): The Potential of Reproduction].

The article presents the results of analysis of regional characteristics of age-gender structure of population from point of view of reproduction of subsequent generations as exemplified by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The stable population growth was established, as opposed to decreasing of this indicator in the Far Eastern Federal District and its unstable dynamics throughout country as a whole. There is increasing of burden on the able-bodied population with decreasing in its number and increasing percentage of population older than able-bodied age. In long-term dynamics, the study established decreasing of number of children aged 0-4 years and adolescents aged 15-17 years. While since 2015 there was increasing in number of girls (potential mothers) aged 5-9 and 10-14 years. The reduction of number of women of reproductive age with the volatility of number of women of childbearing age is alarming, resulting in lesser stability of demographic indices of population reproduction.

[Main indicators of morbidity and expected long life of the population of the northern region of Russia].

This article analyzes the main indicators of the incidence and life expectancy of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over a twenty-year period. An increase in the incidence rate of the population was revealed that exceeded the average for the country and the Far Eastern Federal District, including for oncological diseases, the level of which increased several times in the republic. The value of the indicator of life expectancy in the republic approached the average Russian level, while 20 years ago a much lower indicator was determined. In the dynamics of indicators of the morbidity of the population and life expectancy over a twenty-year period, a polynomial trend has been outlined. For example, the incidence of neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system showed a sharp increase in 2004, followed by a decrease, for diseases of the digestive system - similarly, an increase in 2001 and a subsequent decrease. This aspect requires an additional detailed study of the causes of such changes in order to be able to predict them in the future.

[New aspects of non-waste use of secondary raw materials of horse breeding in Yakutia].

In the diet of the population of Yakutia, the meat of 6-month-old and local herd horses is especially valued for its high nutritive value, excellent taste and dietary properties. In addition to meat, a number of other slaughter products, such as by-products, intestinal raw materials, internal fat, blood, etc., can be received during primary processing. Many of them are not fully used. The relevance of this work is to study the possibilities of waste-free use of the Yakut horse products. Biochemical investigation of the composition of the secondary products of slaughter (fat, blood, by-products, intestinal raw materials) was carried out, a concentrate from the internal fat of foals and dry blood were obtained. The inner fat of the Yakut horse in terms of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exceeded the PUFA level in subcutaneous fat. The content of linoleic acid was 10.91-12.25%. A low-temperature method for recovering fat has been tested, a fat-containing feed with a PUFA content of about 23% has been obtained. Slaughter blood is a high-value raw material for the production of functional food products as a source of iron, amino acids and other components. The iron content in the blood dried in the infrared dryer fluctuated in insignificant limits from 216.8 to 242.0 mg/kg that indicated a stable level of provision of horses with this trace element. The protein level in the dry blood of mature mares (8-19 years) was 87%. The results of the study of young offspring of the Yakut horse showed that such offal of the first category as liver, heart, kidneys were rich in protein (from 19.1±0.1 to 22.0±0.1%). The esophagus was high in fat (22.3±0.1%). The stomach and intestines were characterized by high ash content (from 3.2±0.2 to 8.0±0.7%).

[Organization of nutrition of children and adolescents at the regional level].

The article presents the results of 13-year monitoring epidemiological studies on the actual nutrition and eating habits among children and adolescents studying in educational institutions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The study used standardized questionnaires, adapted by the Nutrition Center of the Health Institute M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, in accordance with national traditions and food culture of the peoples of the North and the Arctic. Methods of frequency analysis of consumption of individual products and daily reproduction of food from memory have been used to study the main parameters of consumption of individual foods, including those from local animal and vegetable raw materials, and national dishes. Three monitoring epidemiological studies of 2001 (1st study), 2008 (2nd study), 2013 (3rd study) studied the energy value of diets and nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals), the contribution of macronutrients in energy value. Schoolchildren's awareness of healthy nutrition was assessed. Dietary habits and addictions of children to particular foods and dishes have been identified. A comprehensive assessment of the actual nutrition and health status of 130 adolescents aged 15-18 years is given to study the effect of actual nutrition on the health of children, their anthropometric indices and body composition. Based on the results obtained, recommendations on how to optimize the nutrition of children of school age were scientifically substantiated, measures were taken to improve it, and conclusions were drawn on the need to improve the legal regulation of school feeding.

[Nutrition value of national milk products with the addition of wild berries and wild food plants of Yakutia].

Results of an assessment of the actual food of the population in various medicoeconomic zones of the republic (industrial, agricultural, Arctic) by method of the frequency analysis of food consumption are presented in the article. The analysis of control of compliance of quality and safety of foodstuff in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), according to requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, acts of the Customs union has been made. Decreased consumption of such foodstuff as milk, fish and meat products including products from local food staples and national dishes has been established. The data obtained are medic-biological justification for search of ways of optimization of population nutrition, creation of specialized products with a functional purpose and for the prevention of the states and diseases connected with nutrition violation. They also define innovative development of the republic in questions of biotechnologies of the production of specialized foods for various groups of the population. Results of chemical composition research of the most used wild-growing food plants of Yakutia are given. The questions connected with the nutrition and biological value of the dairy products of a functional purpose with use of wild-growing food herbs and berries of Yakutia are discussed.