ABSTRACT
PAX8 plays a role in development of the thyroid, kidney, and the Wolffian and Mullerian tract. In surgical pathology, PAX8 immunohistochemistry is used to determine tumors of renal and ovarian origin, but data on its expression in other tumors are conflicting. To evaluate PAX8 expression in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 17,386 samples from 149 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PAX8 results were compared with previously collected data on cadherin 16 (CDH16). PAX8 positivity was found in 40 different tumor types. The highest rate of PAX8 positivity was found in thyroidal neoplasms of follicular origin (98.6-100%), gynecological carcinomas (up to 100%), renal tumors (82.6-97.8%), and urothelial neoplasms (2.3-23.7%). Important tumors with near complete absence of PAX8 staining (< 1%) included all subtypes of breast cancers, hepatocellular carcinomas, gastric, prostatic, pancreatic, and pulmonary adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine neoplasms, small cell carcinomas of various sites, and lymphomas. High PAX8 expression was associated with low tumor grade in 365 non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinomas (p < 0.0001) but unrelated to patient outcome and/or tumor phenotype in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. For determining a renal tumor origin, sensitivity was 88.1% and specificity 87.2% for PAX8, while sensitivity was 85.3% and specificity 95.7% for CDH16. The combination of PAX8 and CDH16 increased specificity to 96.8%. In conclusion, PAX8 immunohistochemistry is a suitable diagnostic tool. The combination of PAX8 and CDH16 positivity has high specificity for renal cell carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
Loss of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) expression is a common event in cancer leading to a critical vulnerability of cancer cells towards anti-cancer drugs. Homozygous MTAP deletions result in a complete expression loss that can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In this study, a tissue microarray containing 17,078 samples from 149 different tumor entities was analyzed by IHC, and complete MTAP loss was validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. MTAP loss was observed in 83 of 149 tumor categories, including neuroendocrine neoplasms (up to 80%), Hodgkin lymphoma (50.0%), mesothelioma (32.0% to 36.8%), gastro-intestinal adenocarcinoma (4.0% to 40.5%), urothelial neoplasms (10.5% to 36.7%), squamous cell carcinomas (up to 38%), and various types of sarcomas (up to 20%) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (up to 14%). Homozygous MTAP deletion was found in 90% to 100% of cases with MTAP expression loss in most tumor categories. However, neuroendocrine tumors, Hodgkin lymphomas, and other lymphomas lacked MTAP deletions. MTAP deficiency was significantly linked to unfavorable tumor phenotype in selected tumor entities and the presence of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, absence of PD-L1 expression on immune cells, and a low density of CD8+ lymphocytes. In summary, MTAP deficiency can occur in various tumor entities and is linked to unfavorable tumor phenotype and noninflamed tumor microenvironment, but is not always related to deletions. MTAP IHC is of considerable diagnostic value for the detection of neoplastic transformation in multiple different applications.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease which is essential for the desquamation of corneocytes and thus plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis. In cancer, KLK7 overexpression was suggested to represent a route for metastasis through cleavage of cell junction and extracellular matrix proteins of cancer cells. METHODS: To comprehensively determine KLK7 protein expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, a tissue microarray containing 13,447 samples from 147 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: KLK7 positivity was found in 64 of 147 tumor categories, including 17 tumor categories with at least one strongly positive case. The highest rate of KLK7 positivity was found in squamous cell carcinomas from various sites of origin (positive in 18.1%-63.8%), ovarian and endometrium cancers (4.8%-56.2%), salivary gland tumors (4.8%-13.7%), bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (20.0%-40.4%), and adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract (3.3%-12.5%). KLK7 positivity was linked to nodal metastasis (p = 0.0005), blood vessel infiltration (p = 0.0037), and lymph vessel infiltration (p < 0.0001) in colorectal adenocarcinoma, nodal metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (p = 0.0382), advanced pathological tumor stage in papillary thyroid cancer (p = 0.0132), and low grade of malignancy in a cohort of 719 squamous cell carcinomas from 11 different sites of origin (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a comprehensive overview on KLK7 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues. The prognostic relevance of KLK7 expression and the possible role of KLK7 as a drug target need to be further investigated.
Subject(s)
Kallikreins , Neoplasms , Tissue Array Analysis , Humans , Kallikreins/metabolism , Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Female , Immunohistochemistry , MaleABSTRACT
Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) activates the immune response in inflammatory cells. STING expression in cancer cells is less well characterized, but STING agonists are currently being evaluated as anticancer drugs. A tissue microarray containing 18,001 samples from 139 different tumor types was analyzed for STING by immunohistochemistry. STING-positive tumor cells were found in 130 (93.5%) of 139 tumor entities. The highest STING positivity rates occurred in squamous cell carcinomas (up to 96%); malignant mesothelioma (88.5%-95.7%); adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (94.9%), lung (90.3%), cervix (90.0%), colorectum (75.2%), and gallbladder (68.8%); and serous high-grade ovarian cancer (86.0%). High STING expression was linked to adverse phenotypes in breast cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (p < 0.05). In pTa urothelial carcinomas, STING expression was associated with low-grade carcinoma (p = 0.0002). Across all tumors, STING expression paralleled PD-L1 positivity of tumor and inflammatory cells (p < 0.0001 each) but was unrelated to the density of CD8+ lymphocytes. STING expression is variable across tumor types and may be related to aggressive tumor phenotype and PD-L1 positivity. The lack of relationship with tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes argues against a significant IFN production by STING positive tumor cells.
ABSTRACT
The Melan-A (melanocyte antigen) protein, also termed 'melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1' (MART-1) is a protein with unknown function whose expression is specific for the melanocyte lineage. Antibodies against Melan-A are thus used for identifying melanocytic tumors, but some Melan-A antibodies show an additional - diagnostically useful - cross-reactivity against an unspecified protein involved in corticosteroid hormone synthesis. To comprehensively compare the staining patterns of a specific and a cross-reactive Melan-A antibody in normal and neoplastic tissues, tissue microarrays containing 15,840 samples from 133 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For the Melan-A-specific antibody 'Melan-A specific' (MSVA-900M), Melan-A positivity was seen in 96.0% of 25 benign nevi, 93.0% of 40 primary and 86.7% of 75 metastatic melanomas, 82.4% of 85 renal angiomyolipomas as well as 96.4% of 84 neurofibromas, 2.2% of 46 granular cell tumors, 1.0% of 104 schwannomas, and 1.1% of 87 leiomyosarcomas. The cross-reactive antibody 'Melan-A+' (MSVA-901M+) stained 98.1% of the tumors stained by 'Melan-A specific'. In addition, high positivity rates were seen in sex-cord-stroma tumors of the ovary (35.3%-100%) and the testis (86.7%) as well as for adrenocortical neoplasms (76.3%-83.0%). Only nine further tumor groups showed Melan-A+ staining, including five different categories of urothelial carcinomas. Our data provide a comprehensive overview on the staining patterns of specific and cross-reactive Melan-A antibodies. The data demonstrate that both antibodies are highly useful for their specific purpose. It is important for pathologists to distinguish these two Melan-A antibody subtypes for their daily work.
Subject(s)
Cross Reactions , Immunohistochemistry , MART-1 Antigen , Neoplasms , Humans , Cross Reactions/immunology , MART-1 Antigen/immunology , MART-1 Antigen/analysis , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/pathology , Melanoma/immunology , Melanoma/diagnosis , Melanoma/pathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Tissue Array Analysis , FemaleABSTRACT
EpCAM is expressed in many epithelial tumors and is used for the distinction of malignant mesotheliomas from adenocarcinomas and as a surrogate pan-epithelial marker. A tissue microarray containing 14,832 samples from 120 different tumor categories was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. EpCAM staining was compared with TROP2 and CKpan. EpCAM staining was detectable in 99 tumor categories. Among 78 epithelial tumor types, the EpCAM positivity rate was ≥90% in 60 categories-including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine neoplasms, and germ cell tumors. EpCAM staining was the lowest in hepatocellular carcinomas, adrenocortical tumors, renal cell neoplasms, and in poorly differentiated carcinomas. A comparison of EpCAM and CKpan staining identified a high concordance but EpCAM was higher in testicular seminomas and neuroendocrine neoplasms and CKpan in hepatocellular carcinomas, mesotheliomas, and poorly differentiated non-neuroendocrine tumors. A comparison of EpCAM and TROP2 revealed a higher rate of TROP2 positivity in squamous cell carcinomas and lower rates in many gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, testicular germ cell tumors, neuroendocrine neoplasms, and renal cell tumors. These data confirm EpCAM as a surrogate epithelial marker for adenocarcinomas and its diagnostic utility for the distinction of malignant mesotheliomas. In comparison to CKpan and TROP2 antibodies, EpCAM staining is particularly common in seminomas and in neuroendocrine neoplasms.
ABSTRACT
Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor expressed in various normal tissues and is a therapeutic target for prostate and possibly other cancers. A TMA containing 18,234 samples from 141 different tumor types/subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. AR positivity was found in 116 tumor types including 66 tumor types (46.8%) with ≥1 strongly positive tumor. Moderate/strong AR positivity was detected in testicular sex cord-stromal tumors (93.3-100%) and neoplasms of the prostate (79.3-98.7%), breast (25.0-75.5%), other gynecological tumors (0.9-100%), kidney (5.0-44.1%), and urinary bladder (5.4-24.2%). Low AR staining was associated with advanced tumor stage (pTa versus pT2-4; p < 0.0001) in urothelial carcinoma; advanced pT (p < 0.0001), high tumor grade (p < 0.0001), nodal metastasis (p < 0.0001), and reduced survival (p = 0.0024) in invasive breast carcinoma; high pT (p < 0.0001) and grade (p < 0.0001) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC); and high pT (p = 0.0055) as well as high grade (p < 0.05) in papillary RCC. AR staining was unrelated to histopathological/clinical features in 157 endometrial carcinomas and in 221 ovarian carcinomas. Our data suggest a limited role of AR immunohistochemistry for tumor distinction and a prognostic role in breast and clear cell RCC and highlight tumor entities that might benefit from AR-targeted therapy.
ABSTRACT
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome 1 (TRPS1) is a nuclear protein highly expressed in breast epithelial cells. TRPS1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been suggested as a breast cancer marker. To determine the diagnostic and prognostic utility of TRPS1 IHC, tissue microarrays containing 19,201 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes were analyzed. GATA3 IHC was performed in a previous study. TRPS1 staining was seen in 86 of 152 tumor categories with 36 containing at least one strongly positive case. TRPS1 staining predominated in various types of breast carcinomas (51%-100%), soft tissue tumors (up to 100%), salivary gland tumors (up to 46%), squamous cell carcinomas (up to 35%), and gynecological cancers (up to 40%). TRPS1 positivity occurred in 1.8% of 1083 urothelial neoplasms. In invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, low TRPS1 expression was linked to high grade ( P = 0.0547), high pT ( P < 0.0001), nodal metastasis ( P = 0.0571), loss of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression ( P < 0.0001 each), and triple-negative status ( P < 0.0001) but was unrelated to patient survival ( P = 0.8016). In squamous cell carcinomas from 11 different sites, low TRPS1 expression was unrelated to tumor phenotype. Positivity for both TRPS1 and GATA3 occurred in 47.4% to 100% of breast cancers, up to 30% of salivary gland tumors, and 29 (0.3%) of 9835 tumors from 134 other cancer entities. TRPS1 IHC has high utility for the identification of cancers of breast (or salivary gland) origin, especially in combination with GATA3. The virtual absence of TRPS1 positivity in urothelial neoplasms is useful for the distinction of GATA3-positive urothelial carcinoma from breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor , Breast Neoplasms , DNA-Binding Proteins , Immunohistochemistry , Repressor Proteins , Tissue Array Analysis , Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Female , Repressor Proteins/analysis , DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Breast Neoplasms/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Transcription Factors/analysis , GATA3 Transcription Factor/analysis , Predictive Value of Tests , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , PrognosisABSTRACT
Cadherin-17 (CDH17) is a membranous cell adhesion protein predominantly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. CDH17 is therefore considered a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target. This study was to comprehensively determine the expression of CDH17 in cancer and to further assess the diagnostic utility of CDH17 immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tissue microarray containing 14,948 interpretable samples from 150 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by IHC. In normal tissues, a membranous CDH17 staining was predominantly seen in the epithelium of the intestine and pancreatic excretory ducts. In tumors, 53 of 150 analyzed categories showed CDH17 positivity including 26 categories with at least one strongly positive case. CDH17 positivity was most common in epithelial and neuroendocrine colorectal neoplasms (50.0%-100%), other gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (42.7%-61.6%), mucinous ovarian cancer (61.1%), pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (28.6%), cervical adenocarcinoma (52.6%), bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (40.5-69.8%), and other neuroendocrine neoplasms (5.6%-100%). OnIy 9.9% of 182 pulmonary adenocarcinomas were CDH17 positive. In colorectal adenocarcinomas, reduced CDH17 staining was linked to high pT (p = 0.0147), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0041), V1 (p = 0.0025), L1 (p = 0.0054), location in the right colon (p = 0.0033), and microsatellite instability (p < 0.0001). The CDH17 expression level was unrelated to tumor phenotype in gastric and pancreatic cancer. In summary, our comprehensive overview on CDH17 expression in human tumors identified various tumor entities that might often benefit from anti-CDH17 therapies and suggest utility of CDH17 IHC for the distinction of metastatic gastrointestinal or bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (often positive) from primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas (mostly negative).
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma , Colorectal Neoplasms , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Humans , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Cadherins/metabolism , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Biomarkers, TumorABSTRACT
CONTEXT.: Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is a mitochondrial transport protein with a critical regulatory role for steroid hormone production. The tissue distribution of StAR expression is limited to few human normal tissues. OBJECTIVE.: To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of StAR immunohistochemistry analysis. DESIGN.: A tissue microarray containing 19 202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULT.: StAR immunostaining occurred in 198 (1.2%) of the 17 135 analyzable tumors. StAR expression was observed in 27 of 152 tumor categories, 9 of which included at least 1 strongly positive case. The highest rate of StAR positivity occurred in Leydig cell tumors of the testis and the ovary (100%), steroid cell tumors of the ovary (100%), adrenocortical carcinomas (93%) and adenomas (87%), Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (67%) and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (56%), as well as seminomas (7%). Nineteen other tumor entities showed-a usually weak-StAR positivity in less than 6% of cases. A comparison with preexisting Melan-A (a melanocyte antigen) data revealed that StAR was more often positive in adrenocortical neoplasms and in Leydig cell tumors while StAR (but not Melan-A) was negative in Sertoli cell tumors. CONCLUSIONS.: Our data provide a comprehensive overview on the patterns of StAR immunostaining in human tumors and suggest a diagnostic utility of StAR immunohistochemistry for supporting a diagnosis of Leydig cell tumors or of normal or neoplastic adrenocortical tissue.
ABSTRACT
Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a role in insulin-producing ß cells of pancreatic islets. The limitation of GAD2 expression to a few normal cell types makes GAD2 a potential immunohistochemical diagnostic marker. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of GAD2 immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor entities and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed. In normal tissues, GAD2 staining was restricted to brain and pancreatic islet cells. GAD2 staining was seen in 20 (13.2%) of 152 tumor categories, including 5 (3.3%) tumor categories containing at least 1 strongly positive case. GAD2 immunostaining was most commonly seen in neuroendocrine carcinomas (58.3%) and neuroendocrine tumors (63.2%) of the pancreas, followed by granular cell tumors (37.0%) and neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (11.1%). GAD2 was only occasionally (<10% of cases) seen in 16 other tumor entities including paraganglioma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Data on GAD2 and progesterone receptor (PR) expression (from a previous study) were available for 95 pancreatic and 380 extrapancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. For determining a pancreatic origin of a neuroendocrine neoplasm, the sensitivity of GAD2 was 64.2% and specificity 96.3%, while the sensitivity of PR was 56.8% and specificity 92.6%. The combination of PR and GAD2 increased both sensitivity and specificity. GAD2 immunohistochemistry is a highly useful diagnostic tool for the identification of pancreatic origin in case of neuroendocrine neoplasms with unknown site of origin.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine , Glutamate Decarboxylase , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Humans , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnosis , Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology , Pancreas/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prostein (P501S), also termed solute carrier family 45 member 3 (SLC45A3) is an androgen regulated protein which is preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells. Because of its frequent expression in prostate cancer, prostein was suggested a diagnostic prostate cancer marker. METHODS: In order to comprehensively assess the diagnostic utility of prostein immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Prostein immunostaining was typically cytoplasmic, granular and perinuclear. Prostein positivity was seen in 96.7% of 419 prostate cancers including 78.3% with strong staining. In 16,709 extra-prostatic tumors, prostein positivity was observed in 7.2% of all cases but only 0.3% had a strong staining. Overall, 50 different extra-prostatic tumor categories were prostein positive, 12 of which included at least one strongly positive case. Extra-prostatic tumors with highest rates of prostein positivity included different subtypes of salivary gland tumors (7.6-44.4%), neuroendocrine neoplasms (15.8-44.4%), adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (7.3-14.8%), biliopancreatic adenocarcinomas (3.6-38.7%), hepatocellular carcinomas (8.1%), and adenocarcinomas of other organs (up to 21%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide a comprehensive overview on prostein expression in human cancers. Prostein is a highly sensitive prostate cancer marker occurring in > 96% of prostate cancers. Because prostein can also be expressed in various other tumor entities, classifying of a tumor mass as a prostate cancer should not be based on prostein positivity alone.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma , Prostatic Neoplasms , Male , Humans , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Membrane Proteins , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Biomarkers, TumorABSTRACT
INSM1 is a transcription factor protein which is increasingly used as an immunohistochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation. To determine the prevalence of INSM1 expression in tumors and its expression pattern in normal tissues, tissue microarrays containing 14,908 samples from 117 different tumor types/subtypes as well as 76 different normal tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. INSM1 was positive in 89.2% of 471 neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) and in 3.5% of 11,815 non-neuroendocrine neoplasms that were successfully analyzed. At least an occasional weak INSM1 positivity was observed in 59 different non-neuroendocrine tumor entities, of which 15 entities contained at least one case with strong INSM1 staining. A comparison with synaptophysin and chromogranin A staining revealed that in NEN, synaptophysin showed the highest sensitivity (93.3%), followed by INSM1 (89.2%) and chromogranin A (87.5%). In neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC), sensitivity was highest for INSM1 (88.0%), followed by synaptophysin (86.5%) and chromogranin A (66.4%). If INSM1 was used as an additional marker, the sensitivity for detecting neuroendocrine differentiation in NEN increased from 96.6% (synaptophysin and chromogranin A) to 97.2% (synaptophysin, chromogranin A and INSM1). Our study shows that INSM1 is a useful additional marker for neuroendocrine differentiation with high sensitivity, particularly in NEC.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology , Chromogranin A/metabolism , Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Sensitivity and Specificity , Synaptophysin/metabolismABSTRACT
Prognostic markers in routine clinical management of breast cancer are often assessed using RNA-based multi-gene panels that depend on fluctuating tumor purity. Multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry (mfIHC) holds the potential for an improved risk assessment. To enable automated prognosis marker detection (i.e., progesterone receptor [PR], estrogen receptor [ER], androgen receptor [AR], GATA3, TROP2, HER2, PD-L1, Ki67, TOP2A), a framework for automated breast cancer identification was developed and validated involving thirteen different artificial intelligence analysis steps and an algorithm for cell distance analysis using 11+1-marker-BLEACH&STAIN-mfIHC staining in 1404 invasive breast cancers of no special type (NST). The framework for automated breast cancer detection discriminated normal glands from malignant glands with an accuracy of 98.4%. This approach identified that five (PR, ER, AR, GATA3, PD-L1) of nine biomarkers were associated with prolonged overall survival (p ≤ 0.0095 each) and two of these (PR, AR) were found to be independent risk factors in multivariate analysis (p ≤ 0.0151 each). The combined assessment of PR-ER-AR-GATA3-PD-L1 as a five-marker prognosis score showed strong prognostic relevance (p < 0.0001) and was an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0034). Automated breast cancer detection in combination with an artificial intelligence-based analysis of mfIHC enables a rapid and reliable analysis of multiple prognostic parameters. The strict limitation of the analysis to malignant cells excludes the impact of fluctuating tumor purity on assay precision.
ABSTRACT
Prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is a marker for prostate cancer. To assess the specificity and prognostic impact of PSAP, 14,137 samples from 127 different tumor (sub)types, 17,747 prostate cancers, and 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed via immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. In normal tissues, PSAP staining was limited to the prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cancers, PSAP was seen in 100% of Gleason 3 + 3, 95.5% of Gleason 4 + 4, 93.8% of recurrent cancer under androgen deprivation therapy, 91.0% of Gleason 5 + 5, and 31.2% of small cell neuroendocrine cancer. In non-prostatic tumors, PSAP immunostaining was only found in 3.2% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and in 0.8% of diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas. In prostate cancer, reduced PSAP staining was strongly linked to an advanced pT stage, a high classical and quantitative Gleason score, lymph node metastasis, high pre-operative PSA levels, early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001 each), high androgen receptor expression, and TMPRSS2:ERG fusions. A low level of PSAP expression was linked to PSA recurrence independent of pre- and postoperative prognostic markers in ERG-negative cancers. Positive PSAP immunostaining is highly specific for prostate cancer. Reduced PSAP expression is associated with aggressive prostate cancers. These findings make PSAP a candidate marker for prognostic multiparameter panels in ERG-negative prostate cancers.
ABSTRACT
Cadherin-16 (CDH16) plays a role in the embryonal development in kidney and thyroid. Downregulation of CDH16 RNA was found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. To determine the expression of CDH16 in tumors and to assess the diagnostic utility a tissue microarray containing 15,584 samples from 152 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed. A membranous CDH16 immunostaining was predominantly seen in thyroid, kidney, cauda epididymis, and mesonephric remnants. In the thyroid, CDH16 staining was seen in 100% of normal samples, 86% of follicular adenomas, 60% of follicular carcinomas, but only 7% of papillary carcinomas (p < 0.0001). CDH16 positivity was frequent in nephrogenic adenomas (100%), oncocytomas (98%), chromophobe (97%), clear cell (85%), and papillary (76%) renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), various subtypes of carcinoma of the ovary (16-56%), various subtyped of carcinomas of the uterus (18-40%), as well as in various subtypes of neuroendocrine neoplasms (4-26%). Nineteen further tumor entities showed a weak to moderate CDH16 staining in up to 8% of cases. Our data suggest CDH16 as a potential diagnostic marker-as a part of a panel-for the identification of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid, nephrogenic adenomas, and the distinction of renal cell tumors from other neoplasms.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Papillary , Carcinoma, Renal Cell , Carcinoma , Kidney Neoplasms , Thyroid Neoplasms , Male , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics , Immunohistochemistry , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Cadherins/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B (CELA3B, elastase-3B) is a pancreatic enzyme with digestive function in the intestine. Since RNA analyses of normal tissues suggest that CELA3B expression is limited to the pancreas, the potential diagnostic utility of CELA3B immunohistochemistry for the distinction of pancreatic from extrapancreatic cancers and in the distinction of acinar cell carcinoma from ductal adenocarcinoma was assessed. CELA3B expression was successfully analyzed in 13,223 tumor samples from 132 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 8 samples each of 76 different normal tissue types by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format (TMA). In normal tissues, CELA3B immunostaining was only seen in acinar cells and in a fraction of ductal cells of the pancreas as well as on some apical membranes of surface epithelial cells of the intestine. Among tumors, CELA3B immunostaining was seen in 12 of 16 (75%) acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas including 6 cases with strong staining (37.5%) as well as in 5 of 13,207 other tumors (0.04%). These included 1.2% of 91 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 1.2% of 246 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 0.8% of 127 acinic cell carcinomas of salivary glands. Our data show a good sensitivity (75%) and a high specificity (99.9%) of CELA3B immunohistochemistry for diagnosing acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic , Humans , Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/metabolism , Pancreas/pathology , Salivary Glands/metabolism , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/metabolism , Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolismABSTRACT
Mucin 6 (MUC6) is a secreted gel-forming mucin covering the surfaces of gastrointestinal and other tissues. Published work demonstrates that MUC6 can also be expressed in several cancer types and can aid in the distinction of different tumor entities. To systematically analyze MUC6 expression in normal and cancerous tissues, a tissue microarray containing 15 412 samples from 119 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. At least a weak MUC6 positivity was seen in 50 of 119 (42%) tumor entities. Thirty-three tumor entities included tumors with strong positivity. MUC6 immunostaining was most frequent in mucinous carcinomas of the breast (44%), adenocarcinomas of the stomach (30%-40%) and esophagus (35%), and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon. Strong MUC6 staining was linked to advanced pT stage (p = 0.0464), defective mismatch repair status and right-sided tumor location (p < 0.0001 each) in colorectal cancer, as well as to high tumor grade (p = 0.0291), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0485), erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 positivity (p < 0.0001) and negative estrogen receptor (p = 0.0332)/progesterone receptor (p = 0.0257) status in breast carcinomas of no special type. The broad range of tumor types with MUC6 expression limits the utility of MUC6 immunohistochemistry for the distinction of different tumor types.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma , Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Mucin-6 , Mucins/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Biomarkers, TumorABSTRACT
Human mammaglobin-A (SCGB2A2) is a secretory protein with an unknown function that is used as a diagnostic marker for breast cancer. However, other tumors can also express mammaglobin-A. To comprehensively study patterns of mammaglobin-A expression, a tissue microarray containing 16,328 samples from 128 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Mammaglobin-A positivity was found in only a few normal tissues, including luminal cells of the breast as well as endocervical and endometrial glands. In tumor tissues, 37 of 128 tumor categories showed mamma-globin-A staining, 32 of which were derived from one of four organs: breast (6 tumor categories), endometrium (5 tumor categories), ovary (5 tumor categories), and salivary glands (16 tumor categories). Only five additional tumor types showed occasional weak mammaglobin positivity, including medullary thyroid cancer, teratoma of the testis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and pharynx, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Among 1139 evaluable invasive breast carcinomas of no special type, low mammaglobin-A immunostaining was linked to high BRE grade (p = 0.0011), loss of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression (p < 0.0001 each), and triple-negative status (p < 0.0001) but not to patient survival. In endometrial cancer, mammaglobin-A loss was linked to an advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0198). Our data characterize mammaglobin-A as a highly specific marker for tumors derived from either the breast, female genitals, or salivary gland.
ABSTRACT
To study the extent of heterogeneity of mesothelin overexpression in primary ovarian cancers and their peritoneal and lymph node metastases, a tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed from multiple sites of 220 ovarian cancers and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. One tissue core each was taken from up to 18 different tumor blocks per cancer, resulting in a total of 2460 tissue spots from 423 tumor sites (188 primary cancers, 162 peritoneal carcinosis, and 73 lymph node metastases). Positive mesothelin expression was found in 2041 of the 2342 (87%) arrayed tissue spots and in 372 of the 392 (95%) tumor sites that were interpretable for mesothelin immunohistochemistry. Intratumoral heterogeneity was found in 23% of 168 primary cancer sites interpretable for mesothelin and decreased to 12% in 154 peritoneal carcinosis and to 6% in 71 lymph node metastases ( P <0.0001). Heterogeneity between the primary tumor and matched peritoneal carcinosis was found in 16% of 102 cancers with interpretable mesothelin results. In these cancers, the mesothelin status switched from positive in the primary tumor to negative in the peritoneal carcinosis (3 cancers) in or vice versa (2 cancers), or a mixture of positive and negative peritoneal carcinoses was found (11 cancers). No such switch was seen between the mesothelin-interpretable primary tumors and their nodal metastases of 59 cancers, and only 1 mesothelin-positive tumor had a mixture of positive and negative lymph node metastases. In conclusion, mesothelin expression is frequent and highly homogeneous in ovarian cancer.