ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To describe the level of English of a population of medical students and the improvement after the implementation of systematic assessment that all students achieve a minimal level. POPULATION AND METHODS: For the past 5 years, all medical students in our medical school have been taking the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC). The baseline population (students entering second year in 2004) had no specific obligation. After 2004, a score above 600 was mandatory for graduation. Teaching was oriented towards training for the TOEIC and the number of hours was more important for low-level students. RESULTS: The mean score has increased from 618 ± 146 in 2004, to 687 ± 94, 717 ± 97, 733 ± 96 and 731 ± 104 for the next four years. The proportion of students who do not achieve a score of 550 (B1 level of the European framework) has decreased from 30 to 0%. DISCUSSION: Improving the level of English of French medical students is possible, if this is made a priority. The objective, as set in engineering studies, that all medical students reach a B2 level would require national guidelines.
Subject(s)
Communication , Language , Students, Medical , FranceABSTRACT
Using INNO-LiPA-MYCOBACTERIA (Lipav1; Innogenetics) and the AccuProbe (Gen-Probe Inc./bioMérieux) techniques, 35 Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (MAC/MAIS) complex strains were identified between January 2000 and December 2002. Thirty-four of 35 isolates were positive only for the MAIS complex probe by Lipav1 and were further analyzed by INNO-LiPA-MYCOBACTERIA version 2 (Lipav2), hsp65 PCR restriction pattern analysis (PRA), and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), hsp65, and 16S rRNA sequences. Lipav2 identified 14 of 34 strains at the species level, including 11 isolates positive for the newly specific MAC sequevar Mac-A probe (MIN-2 probe). Ten of these 11 isolates corresponded to sequevar Mac-A, which was recently defined as Mycobacterium chimerae sp. nov. Among the last 20 of the 34 MAIS isolates, 17 (by hsp65 PRA) and 18 (by hsp65 sequence) were characterized as M. avium. Ten of the 20 were identified as Mac-U sequevar. All these 20 isolates were identified as M. intracellulare by 16S rRNA sequence except one isolate identified as Mycobacterium paraffinicum by 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. One isolate out of 35 isolates that was positive for M. avium by AccuProbe and that was Mycobacterium genus probe positive and MAIS probe negative by Lipav1 and Lipav2 might be considered a new species. In conclusion, the new INNO-LiPA-MYCOBACTERIA allowed the identification of 40% of the previously unidentified MAIS isolates at the species level. The results of the Lipav2 assay on the MAIS isolates confirm the great heterogeneity of this group and suggest the use of hsp65 or ITS sequencing for precise identification of such isolates.
Subject(s)
Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium avium Complex/classification , Mycobacterium scrofulaceum/classification , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Chaperonin 60 , Chaperonins/genetics , DNA Probes , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium avium Complex/genetics , Mycobacterium avium Complex/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium scrofulaceum/genetics , Mycobacterium scrofulaceum/isolation & purification , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Using 106 clinical isolates of mycobacteria, we showed that INNO-LIPA Mycobacteria assay is an excellent tool to rapidly identify the most frequently isolated nontuberculous mycobacteria, in one procedure. It may be used as an additional technique to AccuProbe assay, which remains the fastest and the cheapest tool for a rapid and accurate identification of the M. tuberculosis complex.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Biological Assay , Humans , Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Over a 9-month period, 14 strains of Ralstonia pickettii were isolated from various biological samples inoculated in a blood culture medium. Molecular epidemiological investigation confirmed the relatedness of the strains. The source of the contamination proved to be the blood culture bottle caps.
