Full-arch rehabilitation of severely atrophic maxilla with additively manufactured custom-made subperiosteal implants: A multicenter retrospective study.

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze a series of patients who underwent full-arch rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla using additively manufactured subperiosteal implants, between August 2018 and January 2023, at the Universities of Sassari and Poznan. In total, 36 patients and 72 implants were included, with no implants lost during follow-up, and a success rate of 90.3%. Seven (9.7%) of the implants showed class 1 exposure. Bleeding on probing was detected in 10.4% of the abutments at 6 months, 7.9% at 1 year, 10% at 2 years, 7% at 3 years, and 11.4% at 4 years. No significant bone resorption under the abutments was detected during the whole observation period. Based on the findings from this study, additively manufactured subperiosteal implants could represent a safe and reliable technique for full-arch rehabilitation in patients with severe maxillary atrophy.

One hundred fifty years of total laryngectomies.

The inaugural total laryngectomy in history was conducted by Billroth in 1873. Nevertheless, significant enhancements to the technique were achieved through the contributions of Gluck, Sorensen, and various other surgeons. Throughout the twentieth century, advancements in anesthesia, infectious disease, hospital hygiene, antibiotic therapy, resuscitation, and the expertise of numerous laryngologists elevated total laryngectomy to a pivotal surgical intervention in head and neck surgery. The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of organ preservation protocols. Total laryngectomy became the preferred choice for patients experiencing radiotherapy failure. However, the widespread use of laryngeal conservative treatments appears to be correlated with a decline in overall survival rates in the United States and Europe. The evolution of new minimally invasive surgical approaches in the twenty-first century may usher in a revolutionary era in the management of laryngeal carcinoma, offering the potential for improved survival and functional outcomes.

Generative AI and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery.

The increasing development of artificial intelligence (AI) generative models in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery will progressively change our practice. Practitioners and patients have access to AI resources, improving information, knowledge, and practice of patient care. This article summarizes the currently investigated applications of AI generative models, particularly Chatbot Generative Pre-trained Transformer, in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Additively manufactured custom-made subperiosteal implant rehabilitation for severely atrophic maxillary molar area: A technical note.

Implant-prosthetic rehabilitations of severely atrophic posterior maxillary sectors currently is challenging, often requiring multiple surgeries and long rehabilitation times. Recently, graftless techniques (e.g. zygomatic, pterygoid and nasal implants) have gained popularity as they offer a reduction in rehabilitation time, aligning more closely with patient preferences but may not be feasible for sectorial rehabilitations. Subperiosteal implants, suggested for full-arch rehabilitations of atrophic maxilla, haven't been explored for sectorial rehabilitations. In this report we present the case of a patient with maxillary molar edentulism, rehabilitated with a subperiosteal implant.

Perception of Young European Otolaryngologists toward Transoral Robotic Surgery in Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery.

Background: To investigate the perception of young European otolaryngologists (OTOs), i.e., head and neck surgeons, toward transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods: Members of the Young Confederation of European Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Young Otolaryngologists of International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies were surveyed about TORS perception and practice. Results: The survey was completed by 120 young OTOS (26%). The most important barriers to TORS were robot availability (73%), cost (69%), and lack of training (37%). The participants believed that the main benefits include better surgical filed view (64%), shorter hospital stay (62%), and better postoperative outcomes (61%) than the conventional approach. Head and neck surgeons considered cT1-T2 oropharyngeal cancers (94%), resection of base of tongue for sleep apnea (86%), or primary unknown cancer (76%) as the most appropriate indications. A total of 67% of TORS surgeons assessed themselves as adequately trained in TORS. Conclusions: Young European OTOs report positive perception, adoption, and knowledge of TORS. The cost-related unavailability and the lack of training or access are reported to be the most important barriers for the spread of TORS.

Validation of the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool: a new tool to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms.

BACKGROUND: The widespread diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms is revolutionizing how health-related information is disseminated, thereby highlighting the need for tools to evaluate the quality of such information. This study aimed to propose and validate the Quality Assessment of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI), a tool specifically designed to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. METHODS: The QAMAI tool has been developed by a panel of experts following guidelines for the development of new questionnaires. A total of 30 responses from ChatGPT4, addressing patient queries, theoretical questions, and clinical head and neck surgery scenarios were assessed by 27 reviewers from 25 academic centers worldwide. Construct validity, internal consistency, inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed to validate the tool. RESULTS: The validation was conducted on the basis of 792 assessments for the 30 responses given by ChatGPT4. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure of the QAMAI with a single factor comprising all the items that explained 51.1% of the variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.449 to 0.856. Overall internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.837). The Interclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.983 (95% CI 0.973-0.991; F (29,542) = 68.3; p < 0.001), indicating excellent reliability. Test-retest reliability analysis revealed a moderate-to-strong correlation with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.876 (95% CI 0.859-0.891; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The QAMAI tool demonstrated significant reliability and validity in assessing the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. Such a tool might become particularly important/useful for physicians as patients increasingly seek medical information on AI platforms.

Applications of ChatGPT in Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery: A State of the Art Review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature on the application, accuracy, and performance of Chatbot Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. DATA SOURCES: PubMED, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. REVIEW METHODS: A comprehensive review of the literature on the applications of ChatGPT in otolaryngology was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT provides imperfect patient information or general knowledge related to diseases found in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. In clinical practice, despite suboptimal performance, studies reported that the model is more accurate in providing diagnoses, than in suggesting the most adequate additional examinations and treatments related to clinical vignettes or real clinical cases. ChatGPT has been used as an adjunct tool to improve scientific reports (referencing, spelling correction), to elaborate study protocols, or to take student or resident exams reporting several levels of accuracy. The stability of ChatGPT responses throughout repeated questions appeared high but many studies reported some hallucination events, particularly in providing scientific references. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: To date, most applications of ChatGPT are limited in generating disease or treatment information, and in the improvement of the management of clinical cases. The lack of comparison of ChatGPT performance with other large language models is the main limitation of the current research. Its ability to analyze clinical images has not yet been investigated in otolaryngology although upper airway tract or ear images are an important step in the diagnosis of most common ear, nose, and throat conditions. This review may help otolaryngologists to conceive new applications in further research.

Reliability of large language models for advanced head and neck malignancies management: a comparison between ChatGPT 4 and Gemini Advanced.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the efficacy of two advanced Large Language Models (LLMs), OpenAI's ChatGPT 4 and Google's Gemini Advanced, in providing treatment recommendations for head and neck oncology cases. The aim is to assess their utility in supporting multidisciplinary oncological evaluations and decision-making processes. METHODS: This comparative analysis examined the responses of ChatGPT 4 and Gemini Advanced to five hypothetical cases of head and neck cancer, each representing a different anatomical subsite. The responses were evaluated against the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines by two blinded panels using the total disagreement score (TDS) and the artificial intelligence performance instrument (AIPI). Statistical assessments were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Friedman test. RESULTS: Both LLMs produced relevant treatment recommendations with ChatGPT 4 generally outperforming Gemini Advanced regarding adherence to guidelines and comprehensive treatment planning. ChatGPT 4 showed higher AIPI scores (median 3 [2-4]) compared to Gemini Advanced (median 2 [2-3]), indicating better overall performance. Notably, inconsistencies were observed in the management of induction chemotherapy and surgical decisions, such as neck dissection. CONCLUSIONS: While both LLMs demonstrated the potential to aid in the multidisciplinary management of head and neck oncology, discrepancies in certain critical areas highlight the need for further refinement. The study supports the growing role of AI in enhancing clinical decision-making but also emphasizes the necessity for continuous updates and validation against current clinical standards to integrate AI into healthcare practices fully.

Performance and Consistency of ChatGPT-4 Versus Otolaryngologists: A Clinical Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: To study the performance of Chatbot Generative Pretrained Transformer-4 (ChatGPT-4) in the management of cases in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Multicenter University Hospitals. METHODS: History, clinical, physical, and additional examinations of adult outpatients consulting in otolaryngology departments of CHU Saint-Pierre and Dour Medical Center were presented to ChatGPT-4, which was interrogated for differential diagnoses, management, and treatment(s). According to specialty, the ChatGPT-4 responses were assessed by 2 distinct, blinded board-certified otolaryngologists with the Artificial Intelligence Performance Instrument. RESULTS: One hundred cases were presented to ChatGPT-4. ChaGPT-4 indicated a mean of 3.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.09, 3.59) additional examinations per patient versus 2.10 (95% CI: 1.76, 2.34; P = .001) for the practitioners. There was strong consistency (k > 0.600) between otolaryngologists and ChatGPT-4 for the indication of upper aerodigestive tract endoscopy, positron emission tomography and computed tomography, audiometry, tympanometry, and psychophysical evaluations. Primary diagnosis was correctly performed by ChatGPT-4 in 38% to 86% of cases depending on subspecialty. Additional examinations indicated by ChatGPT-4 were pertinent and necessary in 8% to 31% of cases, while the treatment regimen was pertinent in 12% to 44% of cases. The performance of ChatGPT-4 was not influenced by the human-reported level of difficulty of clinical cases. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT-4 may be a promising adjunctive tool in otolaryngology, providing extensive documentation about additional examinations, primary and differential diagnoses, and treatments. The ChatGPT-4 is more effective in providing a primary diagnosis, and less effective in the selection of additional examinations and treatments.

Evaluating the Potential of AI Chatbots in Treatment Decision-making for Acquired Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis in Adults.

OBJECTIVES: The development of artificial intelligence-powered language models, such as Chatbot Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) or Large Language Model Meta AI (Llama), is emerging in medicine. Patients and practitioners have full access to chatbots that may provide medical information. The aim of this study was to explore the performance and accuracy of ChatGPT and Llama in treatment decision-making for bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). METHODS: Data of 20 clinical cases, treated between 2018 and 2023, were retrospectively collected from four tertiary laryngology centers in Europe. The cases were defined as the most common or most challenging scenarios regarding BVFP treatment. The treatment proposals were discussed in their local multidisciplinary teams (MDT). Each case was presented to ChatGPT-4.0 and Llama Chat-2.0, and potential treatment strategies were requested. The Artificial Intelligence Performance Instrument (AIPI) treatment subscore was used to compare both Chatbots' performances to MDT treatment proposal. RESULTS: Most common etiology of BVFP was thyroid surgery. A form of partial arytenoidectomy with or without posterior transverse cordotomy was the MDT proposal for most cases. The accuracy of both Chatbots was very low regarding their treatment proposals, with a maximum AIPI treatment score in 5% of the cases. In most cases even harmful assertions were made, including the suggestion of vocal fold medialisation to treat patients with stridor and dyspnea. ChatGPT-4.0 performed significantly better in suggesting the correct treatment as part of the treatment proposal (50%) compared to Llama Chat-2.0 (15%). CONCLUSION: ChatGPT and Llama are judged as inaccurate in proposing correct treatment for BVFP. ChatGPT significantly outperformed Llama. Treatment decision-making for a complex condition such as BVFP is clearly beyond the Chatbot's knowledge expertise. This study highlights the complexity and heterogeneity of BVFP treatment, and the need for further guidelines dedicated to the management of BVFP.

Management of Pediatric Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: A State-of-the-Art Review of Etiologies, Diagnosis, and Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the current literature about epidemiology, etiologies, diagnosis, and management of pediatric bilateral vocal fold paralysis (PBVFP). METHODS: According to PRISMA statements, a narrative review of the current literature was conducted through the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases about the epidemiology, etiologies, diagnosis, and management of PBVFP. RESULTS: PBVCP is the second most common congenital laryngeal anomaly in the pediatric population, accounting for 10% to 20% of pediatric laryngeal conditions. PBVCP is related to idiopathic (42.2%), congenital (19.7%), and neurological (16.9%) conditions. A tracheotomy is required in 60% of cases regarding stridor and dyspnea, which are the most prevalent symptoms. The diagnosis is based on the etiological features, clinical presentation, laryngoscopic findings, and objective examinations. Laryngeal electromyography may be used to support the diagnosis in difficult cases, but its reliability depends on the practitioner's experience. The primary differential diagnosis is posterior glottis stenosis, which needs to be excluded regarding therapeutic and management differences with PBVCP. Transient surgical procedures consist of tracheotomy or laterofixation of the vocal fold. Current permanent procedures include uni- or bilateral partial arytenoidectomy, posterior transverse cordotomy, cricoid splits, and laryngeal selective reinnervation. There is no evidence of the superiority of some procedures over others. CONCLUSIONS: PBVCP is the second most common laryngeal disorder in the pediatric population. Diagnosis is based on etiological and clinical findings and may require the use of laryngeal electromyography. Therapeutic management may involve several transient or permanent surgical procedures that are associated with overall subjective improvements in symptoms, laryngeal findings, and low complication rates.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in the Treatment of Long COVID Olfactory Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.

Background: Long COVID has brought numerous challenges to healthcare, with olfactory dysfunction (OD) being a particularly distressing outcome for many patients. The persistent loss of smell significantly diminishes the affected individual's quality of life. Recent attention has been drawn to the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy as a treatment for OD. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP therapy in ameliorating OD, especially when associated with long-term COVID-19. Methods: We executed a comprehensive search of the literature, encompassing clinical trials and observational studies that utilized PRP in treating OD limited to COVID-19. We retrieved and comprehensively discussed data such as design, participant demographics, and reported outcomes, focusing on the efficacy and safety of PRP therapy for OD in COVID-19 patients. Results: Our comprehensive analysis interestingly found promising perspectives for PRP in OD following COVID-19 infection. The collective data indicate that PRP therapy contributed to a significant improvement in olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: The evidence amassed suggests that PRP is a promising and safe therapeutic option for OD, including cases attributable to Long COVID-19. The observed uniform enhancement of olfactory function in patients receiving PRP highlights the necessity for well-designed, controlled trials. Such studies would help to refine treatment protocols and more definitively ascertain the efficacy of PRP in a broader, more varied patient cohort.

A new 3D-printed temporal bone: 'the SAPIENS'-specific anatomical printed-3D-model in education and new surgical simulations.

PURPOSE: Otology and neuro-otology surgeries pose significant challenges due to the intricate and variable anatomy of the temporal bone (TB), requiring extensive training. In the last years 3D-printed temporal bone models for otological dissection are becoming increasingly popular. In this study, we presented a new 3D-printed temporal bone model named 'SAPIENS', tailored for educational and surgical simulation purposes. METHODS: The 'SAPIENS' model was a collaborative effort involving a multidisciplinary team, including radiologists, software engineers, ENT specialists, and 3D-printing experts. The development process spanned from June 2022 to October 2023 at the Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome. Acquisition of human temporal bone images; temporal bone rendering; 3D-printing; post-printing phase; 3D-printed temporal bone model dissection and validation. RESULTS: The 'SAPIENS' 3D-printed temporal bone model demonstrated a high level of anatomical accuracy, resembling the human temporal bone in both middle and inner ear anatomy. The questionnaire-based assessment by five experienced ENT surgeons yielded an average total score of 49.4 ± 1.8 out of 61, indicating a model highly similar to the human TB for both anatomy and dissection. Specific areas of excellence included external contour, sigmoid sinus contour, cortical mastoidectomy simulation, and its utility as a surgical practice simulator. CONCLUSION: We have designed and developed a 3D model of the temporal bone that closely resembles the human temporal bone. This model enables the surgical dissection of the middle ear and mastoid with an excellent degree of similarity to the dissection performed on cadaveric temporal bones.

Validity and Reliability of the Reflux Sign Assessment-10 (RSA-10).

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the Reflux Sign Assessment-10 (RSA-10) for documenting the physical findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). METHODS: Patients with LPRD at the hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and asymptomatic individuals were consecutively recruited from two European hospitals. Three experienced otolaryngologists rated RSA-10 in patients and controls for assessing internal validity. RSA-10 was rated within a 7-day period to assess test-retest reliability. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α in patients and controls. Convergent validity was evaluated through a correlation analysis between RSA-10 and Reflux Finding Score (RFS). Interrater reliability was evaluated by comparing the RSA-10 evaluations of the three otolaryngologists through Fleiss kappa. Pre- to posttreatment change of RSA-10 was evaluated to assess responsiveness to change. The RSA-10 thresholds were examined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients completed the pre- to posttreatment evaluations from January 2020 to December 2023. A total of 115 asymptomatic individuals completed the study. RSA-10 reported high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.822) and test-retest reliability (rs = 0.725). The RSA-10 scores of patients were significantly higher than those of controls (p = 0.001), suggesting high internal validity. RSA-10 was significantly correlated with the RFS (rs = 0.771). The interrater reliability was adequate for sub- and total RSA-10 scores (k = 0.708). RSA-10 significantly improved from baseline to 3-month posttreatment (p = 0.001). An RSA-10 > 13 may be suggestive of LPRD. Both RSA-10 > 13 and Reflux Symptom Score-12 > 11 were associated with a sensitivity of 92.7% and a specificity of 97.3%. CONCLUSION: The RSA-10 is a reliable and valid clinical instrument for documenting the most prevalent laryngeal and extra-laryngeal findings associated with LPRD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.

Taste and Smell Disorders: A Critical Look at Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction.

In an era where modern medicine has made remarkable advances in managing diseases in the head and neck region, we present this Special Issue to provide a spotlight on the new research advances on olfactory and gustatory disorders [...].