Characterization data of cellulose modified by gamma irradiation to be used as template in the synthesis of a photoactive composite for environmental applications.

The following data provide evidence of the green functionalization process of a cellulose substrate by gamma radiation to be used as template in the preparation of photocatalyst composites. Functionalized cellulose, by gamma radiation treatment, improved its stability in water and exhibited a reduced size. Our data showed an intensification of carbonyl groups signal and a decrease in the thermal stability of the cellulose as result of the gamma radiation dose. Infrared and thermal data of the treated cellulose provide evidence of bond scission and the formation of functional groups that improved it is application as template. Finally, the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was deposited on the gamma irradiated cellulose to be used as photo-catalyze in the treatment of contaminated water with pharmaceutical compounds.

Photolysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac: elucidation of kinetic behaviour and photodegradation pathways in water.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are recognized widely as emerging contaminants. Sulindac has received additional attention as a prodrug in cancer treatment and because of its detection in drinking water and wastewaters. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge about its kinetic behaviour and fate in the aquatic environment. In this work, the direct photolysis of sulindac, in which photochemical reactions were monitored and phototransformation products identified, was investigated under prolonged periods using UV-A and UV-B radiation and pH conditions (2 and 7) to evaluate the effect of the protonation state and the efficiency of the photolytic process. A novel kinetic mechanism has been proposed in which sulindac exhibits a consecutive reaction pathway, with pseudo-first order kinetics for rapid and reversible Z to E isomerization. Once photoequilibrium was reached, second-order degradation of the isomers in the presence of the new photodegradation products was observed. Photochemical transformation was faster under UV-B irradiation and lower pH, which suggests greater persistence of sulindac at more relevant environmental conditions of UV-A and pH 7. Two novel and major byproducts were identified, corresponding to the oxidative cleavage of the alkene exo to the indene system. The degradation pathway is mainly photoinduced, enhanced by acidic conditions and presumes the double bond as the most reactive site for the parent compound. This research demonstrates an approach for determining kinetics of compounds under challenging conditions, including, absorption from multiple electronic transitions, photoinduced products with unknown extinction coefficients, concentration dependence, photoinduced sensitizing intermediates, and speciation effects. Our work greatly improves our understanding of the degradation process of sulindac and will contribute to exposure assessments and treatment methodologies for this compound in impacted waters.

Polysaccharide κ-Carrageenan as Doping Agent in Conductive Coatings for Electrochemical Controlled Release of Dexamethasone at Therapeutic Doses.

Smart conductive materials are developed in regenerative medicine to promote a controlled release profile of charged bioactive agents in the vicinity of implants. The incorporation and the active electrochemical release of the charged compounds into the organic conductive coating is achieved due to its intrinsic electrical properties. The anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone was added during the polymerization, and its subsequent release at therapeutic doses was reached by electrical stimulation. In this work, a Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): κ-carrageenan: dexamethasone film was prepared, and κ-carrageenan was incorporated to keep the electrochemical and physical stability of the electroactive matrix. The presence of κ-carrageenan and dexamethasone in the conductive film was confirmed by µ-Raman spectroscopy and their effect in the topographic was studied using profilometry. The dexamethasone release process was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and High-Resolution mass spectrometry. In conclusion, κ-carrageenan as a doping agent improves the electrical properties of the conductive layer allowing the release of dexamethasone at therapeutic levels by electrochemical stimulation, providing a stable system to be used in organic bioelectronics systems.

Determinación de arsénico en abastecimientos de agua para consumo humano de la provincia de Cartago,

El principal objetivo es divulgar conocimiento científico sobre el hidroarsenicismo en América Latina y determinar la presencia de arsénico en agua utilizada para consumo humano en lugares de riesgo en Costa Rica, específicamente en la provincia de Cartago, en los cantones de Oreamuno, Central, Paraíso y Alvarado. La metodología consistió en cuantificar el arsénico en su forma reducida trivalente, mediante la generación de hidruros metálicos volátiles por absorción atómica de llama, metodología 7 062 de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos. Ninguna de las muestras analizadas superó el límite máximo permitido por la legislación actual costarricense, de 10 μg/L. A pesar de que las áreas de investigación correspondieron a zonas de alto riesgo por su naturaleza volcánica, la amplia oferta hídrica de los cantones marco del estudio, con áreas de relativa protección cercanas a las zonas de recarga de las nacientes, hace que la población consuma agua de origen subterráneo, pero de influjo directo superficial, con menor influencia de rocas volcánicas que se encuentran a mayor profundidad.

Determinación de arsénico en abastecimientos de agua para consumo humano de la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica / Arsenic determination in water supplies for human consumption of the province of Cartago, Costa Rica

Divulgar conocimiento científico sobre el hidroarsenicismo en América Latina, y determinar la presencia de arsénico en agua utilizada para consumo humano en lugares de riesgo en Costa Rica, específicamente en la provincia de Cartago, en los cantones de Oreamuno, Central Paraíso y Alvarado. Métodos: Cuantificación de arsénico en su forma reducida trivalente, mediante generación de hidruros metálicos volátiles por absorción atómica de llama, metodología 7062 de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos. Resultados: Ninguna de las muestras analizadas superó el límite máximo permitido por la legislación actual costarricense, de 10 ug/L. Conclusión: A pesar de que las áreas de investigación correspondieron a zonas de alto riesgo por su naturaleza volcánica, la amplia oferta hídrica de los cantones marco del estudio, con áreas de relativa protección circundando las zonas de recarga de las nacientes, hace que la población consuma agua de origen subterráneo, pero de influjo directo superficial, con menor influencia de rocas volcánicas que se encuentran a mayor profundidad.

To disclose scientific knowledge about hydroarsenicism in Latin America, as well as to determine the presence of arsenic in water used for human consumption in risk areas of CostaRica, specifically at the Central, Oreamuno, Paraíso and Alvarado counties of the province of Cartago. Methods: Quantification of inorganic arsenic by hydride generation and flame atomic absorption, according to method 7062 of the US Agency of Environmental Protection. Results: None of the analyzed samples surpassed the maximum limit of 10 μg/L allowed by the present Costa Rican legislation.Conclusion: Even though sampled areas are of volcanic nature and therefore of arsenic risk, the population consumes water of direct underground origin with a great superficial influence and little or no contact to deeper volcanic rock, thus not contaminated with arsenic.