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1.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34360328

ABSTRACT

Research on morality has focused on differences in moral judgment and action. In this study, we investigated self-reported moral reasoning after a hypothetical moral dilemma was presented on paper, and moral reasoning after that very same dilemma was experienced in immersive virtual reality (IVR). We asked open-ended questions and used content analysis to determine moral reasoning in a sample of 107 participants. We found that participants referred significantly more often to abstract principles and consequences for themselves (i.e., it is against the law) after the paper-based moral dilemma compared to the IVR dilemma. In IVR participants significantly more often referred to the consequences for the people involved in the dilemma (i.e., not wanting to hurt that particular person). This supports the separate process theory, suggesting that decision and action might be different moral concepts with different foci regarding moral reasoning. Using simulated moral scenarios thus seems essential as it illustrates possible mechanisms of empathy and altruism being more relevant for moral actions especially given the physical presence of virtual humans in IVR.


Subject(s)
Virtual Reality , Empathy , Humans , Judgment , Morals , Problem Solving
2.
Environ Microbiol ; 23(9): 5412-5432, 2021 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33998118

ABSTRACT

Vibrio campbellii BB120 (previously classified as Vibrio harveyi) is a fundamental model strain for studying quorum sensing in vibrios. A phylogenetic evaluation of sequenced Vibrio strains in Genbank revealed that BB120 is closely related to the environmental isolate V. campbellii DS40M4. We exploited DS40M4's competence for exogenous DNA uptake to rapidly generate greater than 30 isogenic strains with deletions of genes encoding BB120 quorum-sensing system homologues. Our results show that the quorum-sensing circuit of DS40M4 is distinct from BB120 in three ways: (i) DS40M4 does not produce an acyl homoserine lactone autoinducer but encodes an active orphan LuxN receptor, (ii) the quorum regulatory small RNAs (Qrrs) are not solely regulated by autoinducer signalling through the response regulator LuxO and (iii) the DS40M4 quorum-sensing regulon is much smaller than BB120 (~100 genes vs. ~400 genes, respectively). Using comparative genomics to expand our understanding of quorum-sensing circuit diversity, we observe that conservation of LuxM/LuxN proteins differs widely both between and within Vibrio species. These strains are also phenotypically distinct: DS40M4 exhibits stronger interbacterial cell killing, whereas BB120 forms more robust biofilms and is bioluminescent. These results underscore the need to examine wild isolates for a broader view of bacterial diversity in the marine ecosystem.


Subject(s)
Quorum Sensing , Vibrio , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Ecosystem , Phylogeny , Quorum Sensing/genetics , Vibrio/genetics
3.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30950427

ABSTRACT

The launch of the Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration in December 2018 marked the first-ever United Nations global agreement on a common approach to international migration in all its dimensions. The global compact aims to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities migrants face at different stages of migration, by respecting, protecting and fulfilling their human rights and providing them with care and assistance. A key example of the intersection of the right to health and migration is seen in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) - comprising Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China (Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Thailand and Viet Nam. The GMS has a highly dynamic and complex pattern of fluctuating migration, and population mobility has been identified as an important concern in the GMS, since five of the six GMS countries are endemic for malaria. Based on the concept of universal health coverage, and as endorsed by the 61st World Health Assembly in 2008, migrants, independently of their legal status, should be included in national health schemes. This paper summarizes work done to understand and address the legal obstacles that migrants face in accessing health services in the GMS countries, and the impact that these obstacles have in relation to elimination of malaria and containment of artemisinin resistance. Despite efforts being made towards achieving universal health coverage in all the GMS countries, no country has current health and social protection regulations to ensure migrants' access to health services, although in Thailand documented and undocumented migrants can opt for acquiring health insurance. Additionally, there is a lack of migrant-inclusive legislation in GMS countries, since barriers to accessing health services for migrants - such as language and/or socioeconomic factors - have been scarcely considered. Advocacy to promote legislative approaches that include migrants' health needs has been made at global and regional levels, to overcome these barriers. Assistance is available to Member States for reviewing and adopting migrant-friendly policies and legal frameworks that promote rather than hinder migrants' and mobile populations' access to health services.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/standards , Malaria/prevention & control , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Cambodia , China , Emigration and Immigration/trends , Health Policy/trends , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Human Rights , Humans , Laos , Malaria/drug therapy , Malaria Vaccines/therapeutic use , Myanmar , Thailand , United Nations/organization & administration , Universal Health Insurance/standards , Universal Health Insurance/trends , Vietnam
5.
J Public Health Policy ; 39(2): 245-253, 2018 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29531302

ABSTRACT

Oral diseases are a neglected epidemic affecting all ages globally and can substantially impact overall health and well-being. Even though most oral diseases are preventable and share major risk factors with other non-communicable diseases, integration of oral health into public health systems is still limited in both clinical and health policy perspectives. This Viewpoint aims to highlight oral health from a global health perspective, calling for all public health leaders to advocate for oral health of all. We strongly recommend oral health as an essential part of public health policy and oral health-related activities to be aligned with the Global Charter for the Public's Health Framework.


Subject(s)
Global Health , Oral Health , Health Policy , Humans , Public Health
6.
Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am ; 28(3): 357-71, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27484663

ABSTRACT

Drugs can be a double-edged sword, providing the benefit of symptom alleviation and disease modification but potentially causing harm from adverse cardiac arrhythmic events. Proarrhythmia is the ability of a drug to cause an arrhythmia, the number one reason for drugs to be withdrawn from the patient. Drug-induced arrhythmias are defined as the production of de novo arrhythmias or aggravation of existing arrhythmias, as a result of previous or concomitant pharmacologic treatment. This review summarizes normal cardiac cell and tissue functioning and provides an overview of drugs that effect cardiac repolarization and the adverse effects of commonly administered antiarrhythmics.


Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Cardiac Electrophysiology , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Electrocardiography/drug effects , Humans , Risk Factors
9.
AMIA Annu Symp Proc ; : 61-5, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14728134

ABSTRACT

Primary Care Office InSite (PCOI) is a Web-based intranet application that provides ready access to a collection of information useful in primary care. The PCOI Web site was developed by, and is widely used within, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and its affiliated community practices. Over 1600 users logged 60,000 separate sessions in the past year. The site contains clinical practice guidelines, patient educational material, drug prescription and cost information and referral information, all designed for use during routine patient care activity. This paper discusses the problems encountered and the lessons learned during an ongoing experiment to disseminate PCOI via the Internet to four distant and very different ambulatory care sites. None of these sites (a rural community hospital, a city-wide health care network, an inner-city general hospital, and an Indian Health Service hospital have the resources to develop such an application internally.


Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care Information Systems , Decision Support Systems, Clinical/organization & administration , Primary Health Care , Attitude to Computers , Computer Communication Networks , Humans , Information Services , Massachusetts , Organizational Innovation , Practice Guidelines as Topic
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