Generative Adversarial Networks in Medicine: Important Considerations for this Emerging Innovation in Artificial Intelligence.

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has revolutionized the field of medicine. Although highly effective, the rapid expansion of this technology has created some anticipated and unanticipated bioethical considerations. With these powerful applications, there is a necessity for framework regulations to ensure equitable and safe deployment of technology. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are emerging ML techniques that have immense applications in medical imaging due to their ability to produce synthetic medical images and aid in medical AI training. Producing accurate synthetic images with GANs can address current limitations in AI development for medical imaging and overcome current dataset type and size constraints. Offsetting these constraints can dramatically improve the development and implementation of AI medical imaging and restructure the practice of medicine. As observed with its other AI predecessors, considerations must be taken into place to help regulate its development for clinical use. In this paper, we discuss the legal, ethical, and technical challenges for future safe integration of this technology in the healthcare sector.

Bitemporal hemianopsia secondary to ischemic chiasmopathy following mechanical thrombectomy.

PURPOSE: To report a case of bitemporal hemianopsia due to ischemic chiasmopathy after mechanical thrombectomy of a right distal internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. OBSERVATIONS: A 60-year-old female presented with left sided weakness and difficulty speaking and was found to have suffered a right internal carotid artery occlusion 10 days after tricuspid valve replacement for severe symptomatic tricuspid valve disease. She underwent mechanical thrombectomy and in hospital and at further follow ups was noted to have a bitemporal hemianopsia, consistent with an ischemic optic chiasmopathy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: The optic chiasm is vascularized by multiple arteries of the Circle of Willis. As such, ischemic optic chiasmopathy is rare. Clinicians should consider ischemic chiasmopathy following cardiac and other surgical procedures including mechanical thrombectomy of the ICA or its branches.

Orbital AL amyloid.

Amyloidosis and lymphoma localized to the ocular adnexa are rare, and their presentation may resemble more common inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disease or infection, which can protract diagnostic evaluation and delay eventual therapy. In a patient with recalcitrant facial and tooth pain and ophthalmoplegia, evaluation should include careful histopathologic analysis of biopsy specimens. We report a case of orbital AL amyloidosis associated with localized lymphoma that presented with intractable dental pain and progressed to bilateral complete ophthalmoplegia.