ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Compared with the detailed characterization of the ultraviolet (UV) response in human skin, the effects of infrared (IR) and other regions of the sunlight are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To determine the participation of IR/visible light and heat components of the sunlight on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and type I procollagen expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration in human skin in vivo. METHODS: The buttocks of 16 healthy volunteers (aged 24-43 years, 10 male and 6 female) were irradiated with a 1.1-3 minimal erythema dose (MED) of natural sunlight. To determine the differential effects of UV, IR/visible rays and solar heat alone, the exposed sites were covered with either a UV filter or black cloth, respectively, during irradiation. Skin samples were taken 24h later. RESULTS: IR/visible light spectrum of sunlight significantly increased MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression and decreased type I procollagen expression. Solar heat also contributed to the increased MMP-1 expression. Only the UV region recruited neutrophils into the dermis, while UV, IR/visible light and heat contributed to macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: IR/visible light and heat of natural sunlight, in addition to UV, play a role in modulating the expressions of MMPs and procollagen, and inflammatory cell infiltration in human skin.
Subject(s)
Collagen Type I/metabolism , Hot Temperature , Infrared Rays , Macrophages/radiation effects , Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/biosynthesis , Neutrophil Infiltration/radiation effects , Skin/radiation effects , Sunlight , Adult , Down-Regulation , Enzyme Induction , Enzyme Repression , Female , Humans , Male , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/biosynthesis , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/biosynthesis , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis , Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Skin/enzymology , Skin/immunology , Skin/metabolism , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
Mohs micrographic surgery is applied as the primary method of treatment for various cutaneous neoplasms. Many other methods that are modified applications of Mohs micrographic surgery have also been suggested. We introduce a technique, which is a modified vertical method of Mohs micrographic surgery using the double-bladed scalpel.
ABSTRACT
The nasal ala is a challenging area for surgical reconstruction, with thick sebaceous skin, the lack of an ample tissue reservoir, and an adjacent free margin. Numerous flaps have been reported for the repair of alae defects. A 71-year-old woman with simultaneous basal cell carcinomas involving both nasal alae was treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. The surgical defects measured 1.5×1.5 cm on the center of the right nasal ala and 1.0×1.0 cm on the left nasal ala, including the alar crease and rim. The right nasal ala was used as a nasolabial transposition flap and the left nasal ala was reconstructed by an island pedicle flap. The final shape and texture were satisfactory. The flaps survived and nasal symmetry was preserved. Combined nasolabial transposition and island pedicle flaps thus offer a superior esthetic and functional result owing to minimized tension. This may be a valuable reconstructive option in the repair of bilateral nasal alae defects.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we discuss the reconstruction and the recognition of partially occluded objects using photon counting integral imaging (II). Irradiance scenes are numerically reconstructed for the reference target in three-dimensional (3D) space. Photon counting scenes are estimated for unknown input objects using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of Poisson parameter. We propose nonlinear matched filtering in 3D space to recognize partially occluded targets. The recognition performance is substantially improved from the nonlinear matched filtering of elemental images without 3D reconstruction. The discrimination capability is analyzed in terms of Fisher ratio (FR) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
