ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A polarization-directed flat (PDF) lens acts as a converging lens with a focal length (f) > 0 and a diverging lens with f < 0, depending on the polarization state of the incidental light. To produce a multifocal lens with two focal lengths, a PDF and a converging lens having shorter focal length were combined. In this study, we tested a bifocal PDF to determine its potential as a new multifocal intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: Constructed a multifocal lens with a PDF lens (f = +/- 100 mm) and a converging lens (f = + 25 mm). In an optical bench test, we measured the defocus curve to test the multifocal function. The multifocal function and optical quality of the lens in various situations were tested. An Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart as a near target and a building as a distant target were photographed using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. Both lenses (multifocal and monofocal) were tested under the same conditions. RESULTS: For the 0 D and - 20 D focal points, the multifocal lens showed sharp images in the optical bench test. In the DSLR test using the multifocal lens, the building appeared slightly blurry compared with the results using the monofocal lens. With the multifocal lens, the ETDRS chart's images became blurry as the ETDRS chart's distance decreased, but became very clear again at a certain position. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the multifocal function of the multifocal lens using a PDF lens. This lens can be used as a multifocal IOL in the future.
Subject(s)
Lenses, Intraocular , Multifocal Intraocular Lenses , Phacoemulsification , Contrast Sensitivity , Humans , Refraction, Ocular , Vision, OcularABSTRACT
Wetland ecosystems have been globally degraded and lost due to rapid urbanization and climate change. An assessment of national scale inventory, including wetland types and conditions, is urgently required to understand the big picture of endangered wetlands, such as where they are and how they look like. We analyzed the spatial patterns of each inland wetland type (brackish wetland was included) in South Korea and the relative importance of land cover categories on wetland conditions. The wetlands were grouped into four dominant types (riverine, lake, mountain, and human-made) according to their topography. Riverine wetlands constituted the largest area (71.3%). The relative ratio of wetlands in a well-conserved condition (i.e., "A" rank) was highest in riverine wetlands (23.8%), followed by mountain wetlands (22.1%). The higher proportion of grasslands was related to a better condition ranking, but the increasing bareland area had a negative impact on wetland conditions. We also found that wetlands located near wetland protected areas tend to be in a better condition compared to remote sites. Our results further support the importance of the condition of surrounding areas for wetland conservation.
ABSTRACT
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, including benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit preventative effects against various types of cancers. Yet, the inhibitory effects of ITCs on C6 glioma cell invasion and migration have not been reported. Thus, we aimed to analyze ITC-regulated MMP-9 activation, a crucial enzyme of cancer metastasis that degrades the extracellular matrix, in C6 glioma cells to investigate the inhibitory effects on cancer invasion and migration by ITCs. In the present study, we found that ITCs specifically suppressed PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion and protein expression. The inhibitory effects of ITCs on PMA-induced MMP-9 expression were found to be associated with the inhibition of MMP-9 transcription levels through suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1). It was also confirmed that ITCs decreased MMP-9-mediated signaling such as FAK and JNK, whereas they had no effect on the phosphorylation of ERK and p38. Moreover, wound-healing and Τranswell invasion assays showed that ITCs inhibited the migration and invasion of C6 glioma cells. These results suggest that ITCs could be potential agents for the prevention of C6 glioma cell migration and invasion by decreasing FAK/JNK-mediated MMP-9 expression.
Subject(s)
Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics , Glioma/drug therapy , Isothiocyanates/administration & dosage , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Extracellular Matrix/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Glioma/genetics , Glioma/pathology , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics , NF-kappa B/genetics , Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology , Neoplasm Metastasis , Sulfoxides , Transcription Factor AP-1/geneticsABSTRACT
We report on a noncontact photoacoustic imaging system utilizing an all-fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer as an acoustic wave detector. The acoustic wave generated by a short laser pulse via the photoacoustic effect and arriving at the sample surface could be detected with the fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer without physical contact or using an impedance matching medium. A phantom experiment was conducted to evaluate the proposed system, and the initial acoustic pressure distribution was calculated using a Fourier-based reconstruction algorithm. It is expected that the all-fiber-optic configuration of the proposed system can be applied as a minimally invasive diagnostic tool.
