Improving the Electroluminescence Properties of New Chrysene Derivatives with High Color Purity for Deep-Blue OLEDs.

Two blue-emitting materials, 4-(12-([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-5'-yl)chrysen-6-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (TPA-C-TP) and 6-([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-12-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)chrysene (TPE-C-TP), were prepared with the composition of a chrysene core moiety and terphenyl (TP), triphenyl amine (TPA), and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) moieties as side groups. The maximum photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelengths of TPA-C-TP and TPE-C-TP were 435 and 369 nm in the solution state and 444 and 471 nm in the film state. TPA-C-TP effectively prevented intermolecular packing through the introduction of TPA, a bulky aromatic amine group, and it showed an excellent photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 86% in the film state. TPE-C-TP exhibited aggregation-induced emission; the PLQY increased dramatically from 0.1% to 78% from the solution state to the film state. The two synthesized materials had excellent thermal stability, with a high decomposition temperature exceeding 460 °C. The two compounds were used as emitting layers in a non-doped device. The TPA-C-TP device achieved excellent electroluminescence (EL) performance, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage co-ordinates of (0.15, 0.07) and an external quantum efficiency of 4.13%, corresponding to an EL peak wavelength of 439 nm.

Enhancing OLED emitter efficiency through increased rigidity.

Three new blue materials, TPI-InCz, PAI-InCz, and CN-PAI-InCz, have been developed. In the film state, TPI-InCz and PAI-InCz exhibited emission peaks at 411 and 431 nm indicating deep blue emission. CN-PAI-InCz showed a peak emission at 452 nm, within the real blue region. When these three materials were used as the emissive layer to fabricate non-doped devices, CN-PAI-InCz showed the highest current efficiency of 2.91 cd A-1, power efficiency of 1.93 lm W-1, and external quantum efficiency of 3.31%. Among the synthesized materials, CN-PAI-InCz exhibited superior charge balance due to the introduction of CN groups, as confirmed by hole-only devices and electron-only devices. PAI-InCz demonstrated fast hole mobility with a value of 1.50 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1, attributed to its planar and highly rigid structure. In the resulting devices, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates for TPI-InCz, PAI-InCz, and CN-PAI-InCz were (0.162, 0.048), (0.0161, 0.067), and (0.155, 0.099), all indicating emission in the blue region.

Enhancement of Optical and Chemical Resistance Properties with a Novel Yellow Quinophthalone Derivative for Image Sensor Colorants.

A novel quinophthalone derivative, 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-(2-(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-2-yl)quinolin-4-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (TCHCQ), was designed and synthesized as a yellow colorant additive for green color filters in image sensors. The characteristics of the new material were evaluated in terms of optical, thermal, and chemical properties under solution and color filter film conditions. TCHCQ exhibited a significantly enhanced molar extinction coefficient in solution, being 1.21 times higher than that of the commercially used yellow colorant Y138. It also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with a decomposition temperature (Td) exceeding 450 °C. Utilizing the nano-pigmentation process, TCHCQ was used to prepare nano-sized particles with an excellent average size of 35 nm. This enabled the fabrication of a color filter film with outstanding properties. The optical properties of the produced film revealed outstanding yellow colorant transmittance of 0.97% at 435 nm and 91.2% at 530 nm. The color filter film exhibited similar optical and thermal stability to Y138, with an improved chemical stability, as evidenced by a ΔEab value of 0.52. The newly synthesized TCHCQ is considered a promising candidate for use as a yellow colorant additive in image sensor color filters, demonstrating superior optical, thermal, and chemical stability.

A single-blind randomised study comparing the efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in client-owned dogs.

BACKGROUND: No reports have compared the clinical therapeutic efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to compare the clinical therapeutic efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole and to evaluate the adverse effects of fluconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis. ANIMALS: Sixty-one client-owned dogs with Malassezia dermatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The enrolled animals were randomly divided into groups receiving 5 mg/kg fluconazole (5FZ), 10 mg/kg fluconazole (10FZ) or 5 mg/kg itraconazole (5IZ). The drugs were orally administered once daily for 28 days. Cytological examination, clinical index score (CIS), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) evaluation and blood analysis (for 5FZ only) were performed on Day (D)0, D14 and D28. RESULTS: On D14, significant reductions in mean yeast count (MYC), CIS and PVAS were observed in the 5FZ (n = 20, p < 0.01), 10FZ (n = 17, p < 0.01) and 5IZ (n = 16, p < 0.05) groups. In all three groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in MYC, CIS and PVAS expression was observed on D28. There was no significant difference in the percentage reduction of MYC, CIS and PVAS among the groups. Moreover, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in each group between D14 and D28, except for the percentage reduction in MYC in the 10FZ and 5IZ groups. No adverse effects of fluconazole were observed in the 5FZ or 10FZ groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study indicates that 5FZ and 10FZ are as effective as itraconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis.

Tailoring the Size and Shape of ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Performance of OLED Device.

We synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by meticulously controlling both temperature and reaction times, allowing us to fine-tune their crystalline properties, morphology, and particle dimensions. This analysis confirmed the existence of a mixture of rod and sphere shapes (ZnO-I), including rod-shaped NPs with an average size of 14.8 nm × 5.2 nm and spherical NPs with an average diameter of 5.27 nm. We subsequently incorporated these synthesized ZnO NPs into organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices for red, green, and blue colors, utilizing them as the electron injection layer through a solution-based process. The green OLED device using ZnO-I exhibited a promising current efficiency of 4.02 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of 1.47%.

A High-Efficiency Deep Blue Emitter for OLEDs with a New Dual-Core Structure Incorporating ETL Characteristics.

In this study, we introduced the weak electron-accepting oxazole derivative 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO) into both anthracene and pyrene moieties of a dual core structure. Ultimately, we developed 2-(4-(6-(anthracen-9-yl)pyren-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole (AP-TPO) as the substitution on the second core, pyrene, and 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(10-(pyren-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO-AP) as the substitution on the first core, anthracene. Both materials exhibited maximum photoluminescence wavelengths at 433 and 443 nm in solution and emitted deep blue light with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 82% and 88%, respectively. When used as the emitting layer in non-doped devices, TPO-AP outperformed AP-TPO, achieving a current efficiency of 5.49 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of 4.26% in electroluminescence. These materials introduce a new category of deep blue emitters in the organic light-emitting diodes field, combining characteristics related to the electron transport layer.

Heart failure in a cat due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype caused by chronic uncontrolled hyperthyroidism.

A 16-year-old castrated male Persian cat was presented with weight loss, anorexia and dyspnoea. Tachycardia and tachypnoea were observed upon presentation. The cat was previously diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and left ventricular hypertrophy and received methimazole, but was subsequently not followed up and treated appropriately. Thoracic radiography revealed mild pleural effusion, interstitial lung pattern, moderate cardiomegaly and moderate-to-severe dilation of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. On echocardiography, the left ventricular hypertrophy, identified earlier, shoed partial regression. Therefore, the previous myocardial hypertrophy was diagnosed as a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype related to hyperthyroidism. ST-segment elevation was identified on electrocardiography, and the thyroid profile examination revealed increased total thyroxine and free thyroxine and decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, suggesting myocardial injury and uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, respectively. In addition, normal N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high cardiac troponin I levels were found. Based on these findings, the observed congestive heart failure was considered as a sequel of myocardial injury caused by uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Clinical signs resolved after intravenous administration of furosemide and butorphanol, oxygen supply and thoracocentesis. Furosemide and pimobendan were additionally administered, and the cat was discharged. This case demonstrates that myocardial damage due to chronic uncontrolled hyperthyroidism may cause heart failure in cats.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography findings of peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the nasal cavity in a dog.

An 8-year-old Miniature Poodle presented with chronic sneezing and unilateral epistaxis. A left-sided intranasal mass was identified on computed tomography. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) was performed to evaluate the metabolic activity of the mass. The intranasal mass showed mildly increased 18F-FDG uptake. The maximal and mean standardized uptake values (SUVs) of the mass were 3.4 and 2.6, respectively. The maximal SUV of the mass/mean SUV of the normal liver was 2.5. The 7-cm soft, pink mass was easily removed through rhinoscopy, with subsequent dramatic improvement in clinical signs. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses determined that the mass was an intermediate-grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST). This is the first report of 18F-FDG PET findings in a PNST in dogs.

Cellular plasticity and immune microenvironment of malignant pleural effusion are associated with EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a complication of lung cancer that can be used as an alternative method for tissue sampling because it is generally simple and minimally invasive. Our study evaluated the diagnostic potential of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)-associated MPE in terms of understanding tumor heterogeneity and identifying response factors for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. We performed a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 31,743 cells isolated from the MPEs of 9 patients with NSCLC (5 resistant and 4 sensitive to EGFR TKI) with EGFR mutations. Interestingly, lung epithelial precursor-like cells with upregulated GNB2L1 and CAV1 expression were enriched in the EGFR TKI-resistant group. Moreover, GZMK upregulated transitional effector T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly enriched in the EGFR TKI-resistant patients. Our results suggest that cellular plasticity and immunosuppressive microenvironment in MPEs are potentially associated with the TKI response of patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Novel Yellow Azo Pyridone Derivatives with Different Halide Atoms for Image-Sensor Color Filters.

Novel yellow azo pyridone dye derivatives were synthesized for use in image-sensor color filters. The synthesized compounds have a basic chemical structure composed of azo, hydroxy, amide, and nitrile groups as well as different halide groups. New materials were evaluated on the basis of their optical, thermal, and surface properties under conditions mimicking those of a commercial device fabrication process. A comparison of their related performance revealed that, among the four prepared compounds, 5-((4,6-dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)diazenyl)-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (Cl-PAMOPC) exhibited the best performance as an image-sensor color filter material, including a solubility greater than 0.1 wt% in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent, a high decomposition temperature of 263 °C, and stable color difference values of 4.93 and 3.88 after a thermal treatment and a solvent-resistance test, respectively. The results suggest that Cl-PAMOPC can be used as a green dye additive in an image-sensor colorant.

Three-Color White Photoluminescence Emission Using Perovskite Nanoplatelets and Organic Emitter.

Three organic blue-light-emitting tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives that exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were used as additives in the preparation of inorganic perovskite-structured green-light-emitting materials for three-color white-light emission. For these organic-inorganic light-emitting materials, two-color (blue and green) light-emitting films based on the CsPbBr3 perovskite-structured green-light-emitting inorganic material were prepared. The three TPE derivatives were prepared by varying the number of bromide groups, and a distinct AIE effect was confirmed when the derivatives were dissolved in a water-tetrahydrofuran mixed solvent containing 90 vol% water. When 0.2 molar ratio of the 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)ethylene (TeBrTPE) additive was mixed with nanocrystal-pinning toluene solvent, the green-light-emission photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) value at 535 nm was 47 times greater than that of the pure bulk CsPbBr3 without additives and a blue emission at 475 nm was observed from the TeBrTPE itself. When a CBP:Ir(piq)3 film was prepared on top of this layer, three PL peaks with maximum wavelength values of 470, 535, and 613 nm were confirmed. The film exhibited white-light emission with CIE color coordinates of (0.25, 0.36).

Indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole-Derived Narrowband Violet-Blue Fluorophores: Tuning the Optical and Electroluminescence Properties by Chromophore Juggling.

The development of rigid polyaromatic building blocks for narrowband violet fluorophores has received tremendous attention. Herein, we designed and synthesized two new triangle-shaped rigid building blocks, namely, 2,5-di-tert-butylindolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (tBuICz) and 2,11-di-tert-butylindolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole-4-carbonitrile (tBuICzCN), and tethered them with different chromophores to yield a series of violet-blue fluorophores, viz., ICzTPA-ICzPICN, and studied their structure-function relationship. The appended chromophores and cyano unit played a vital role in controlling the optical and electrical properties of the compounds. Except triphenylamine-substituted derivatives, the compounds showed pure violet emission (λem ≤ 403 nm). Intriguingly, the compounds exhibited narrow-band emission with a full-width at half-maximum ≤ 40 nm, attributed to the rigidity of the ICz core. The emission of the compounds displayed positive solvatochromism, which is ascribed to the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer in the excited state. The compounds revealed excellent thermal robustness with T5d ≥ 363 °C. The triphenylamine-featuring derivatives displayed a high-lying HOMO compared to their congeners due to their electron-rich nature. When we applied these materials in organic light-emitting diodes, ICzPI outperformed in the series with an EQEmax of 3.07% and a current efficiency of 1.04 cd/A. Notably, its CIEy ∼ 0.046 precisely matched with the Rec.2020 standard of deep-blue color (CIEy ∼ 0.046).

Patterns, Consequences, and Motives in Simultaneous Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication with Alcohol and Marijuana.

OBJECTIVE: Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS) continues to be a concern on college campuses. Previous research demonstrates a strong link between NPS and use of other substances, particularly alcohol and marijuana among college students. Simultaneous use of NPS with other substances has become an increasing concern. Given the high rates of NPS and simultaneous NPS with other substances, research examining substance use patterns and motives among students is warranted. Method: This study evaluated group differences in alcohol and marijuana use patterns, consequences, and motives among college students: a) with no NPS history (No NPS); b) engaged in NPS with no simultaneous use (Non-Sim NPS); and c) engaged in simultaneous NPS with alcohol and/or marijuana (Sim NPS). Participants included 1,108 students from three universities who reported past-year marijuana and alcohol use. Results: Overall, 32.8% reported lifetime NPS with 12.5% indicating NPS in the previous 3 months, of which 51.1% reported simultaneous NPS with alcohol and 40.2% with marijuana. Significant group differences for all drinking and marijuana outcomes were found, with heaviest rates among the Sim NPS group, followed by the Non-Sim NPS group, and the No NPS group. The Sim NPS group reported greater motives for using marijuana to alter the effects of other substances. Conclusions: College students engaged in simultaneous NPS with alcohol and marijuana are a high-risk group that should be the focus of prevention and intervention programs in the campus setting.

DNA Damage Response and Repair Pathway Alteration and Its Association With Tumor Mutation Burden and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in SCLC.

INTRODUCTION: Impairment in DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathway is known as a predictive biomarker of platinum sensitivity. Recently, DDR alteration is re-emphasized as a predictive biomarker of immune checkpoint inhibitor due to its positive correlation to tumor mutation burden (TMB). METHODS: Target gene sequencing (381 genes) was conducted from 100 extensive disease (ED) and 66 limited disease (LD) patients with SCLC. Detected mutations were classified as double-strand breaks (DSB) (n = 82): homologous recombination (n = 54), non-homologous end joining (n = 19), and Fanconi anemia (n = 32); or single-strand breaks (SSB) (n = 31): mismatch repair (n = 19), base excision repair (n = 7), and nucleotide excision repair (n = 6). RESULTS: Compared to patients with an intact DDR pathway (n = 70), a higher TMB was observed in patients with homologous recombination (p < 0.001), non-homologous end joining (p = 0.002), mismatch repair (p < 0.001), DSB (p < 0.001), and SSB (p < 0.001). Survival analyses based on TMB level showed no predictive or prognostic values in ED patients. In LD patients, prolonged progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.497, p = 0.015), and overall survival (HR = 0.383, p = 0.010) to concurrent chemoradiotherapy were observed in those with TMB above median. Individual DDR pathway alteration showed no survival benefit in ED patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. In LD patients, those with mutations in the Fanconi anemia gene set had shorter progression-free survival (HR = 2.048, p = 0.036) to initial treatment. CONCLUSIONS: DDR pathway alterations, both DSB and SSB, in SCLC have a positive correlation with high TMB. However, it has shown limited value in prediction of platinum efficacy.

Synthesis and Electroluminescence Property of Pyrene Derivatives Including Dibenzothiophene and Imidazole Moiety.

Pyrene, imidazole and dibenzothiophene were used to synthesize new blue emitters of 1-(4-Dibenzothiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-2-pyren-1-yl-1H-imidazole (DDPI) and 1-(3-Dibenzothiophen-4-yl-phenyl)-2-pyren-1-yl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (DPPI). The optical properties of synthesized compounds were measured by UV-visible absorption and PL spectra. In the vacuum deposited film state, the PL maximum value is 463 nm for DDPI and 455, 471 nm for DPPI. The device using DDPI as emitting material showed CE of 2.38 cd/A, PE of 1.38 lm/W, and EQE of 1.54%, device using DPPI as emitting material exhibited CE of 3.65 cd/A, PE of 2.31 lm/W, and EQE of 3.07%. Also, OLED devices of DDPI and DPPI devices exhibited CIE coordinate of (0.20, 0.23) and (0.16, 0.16).

Synthesis and Electroluminescence Property of Green Fluorescent Dopant Including Anthracene and Diphenylamine Moiety.

We have synthesized green fluorescent emitters of N9,N9,N10,N10-tetraphenylanthracene-9,10-diamine (TAD) and N9,N9,N10,N10-tetra-o-tolylanthracene-9,10-diamine (oMe-TAD) including anthracene and diphenylamine moiety and evaluated properties of compounds. The methyl groups were introduced to the diphenylamine to prevent molecular aggregation of the dopant and reduce self-quenching through steric hindrance of molecular structure. In solution state, photoluminescence (PL) maximum wavelength is 508 nm for TAD and 519 nm for oMe-TAD. In film state, PL maximum wavelength is 518 nm for TAD and 527 nm for oMe-TAD. In electroluminescence (EL) spectra, EL maximum wavelength of TAD is 508 nm and EL maximum wavelength of oMe-TAD is 522 nm. The doped device using TAD as green fluorescent dopant exhibited CE of 17.7 cd/A, PE of 7.74 lm/W, and EQE of 6.11%. The doped device using oMe-TAD as dopant exhibited CE of 19.8 cd/A, PE of 7.23 lm/W, and EQE of 5.97%.

Hybrid White Organic Light Emitting Diodes Using Dual Core Blue Fluorescent Emitter.

White OLED (WOLED) devices were fabricated using blue emitting materials, TP-AA-TP, TP-AA-TPB, and TPB-AA-TPB, and yellow emitting material polyphenylenevinylene derivative (PDY 132). Three devices were fabricated with the following structure: ITO/PEDOT:PSS (50 nm)/PDY-132 (40 nm)/NPB (10 nm)/Blue EML (30 nm)/Alq3 (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (200 nm). PDY-132 was used by spin coating, and then three blue fluorescent materials were used by vapor deposition to form a white light emitting device. The color coordinates of WOLED using TP-AA-TP, TP-AA-TPB and TPB-AA-TPB were (0.291, 0.317), (0.317, 0.371) and (0.345, 0.457), respectively. Device using TP-AA-TP as blue emitting material showed the highest efficiencies at 10 mA/cm², L.E of 5.58 cd/A, P.E of 2.16 lm/W and E.Q.E of 2.96%.

High Efficiency and Long Lifetime of a Fluorescent Blue-Light Emitter Made of a Pyrene Core and Optimized Side Groups.

In this study, four emitters of blue light are synthesized by selecting pyrene with its high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as the core group and variants of the electron-donating diphenylamine (DPA) as side groups. The four compounds have different numbers, sizes, and substitution positions of alkyl groups on the DPA. Each of the four compounds when doped in OLED devices shows a high current efficiency (CE) of over 7 cd A-1 and a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of over 7.5%. In addition, the compounds yield electroluminescence (EL) spectra showing peaks with narrow full width at half-maximum (fwhm) values of 37-40 nm and hence indicative of high color purity. Moreover, one compound N1,N6-bis(5-( tert-butyl)-2-methylphenyl)-N1,N6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)pyrene-1,6-diamine (3Me-1Bu-TPPDA), shows a very high EQE of 9.25% and a very long lifetime with an LT95 of 471 h.

New Yellow Synergist for Stable Pigment Dispersion of Inkjet Ink.

Minimizing ink droplet and self-dispersed pigment mixture are becoming hot issues for high resolution of inkjet printing. New synergist including sulfonic acid group of PY-74 was suggested and synthesized. Pigment itself did not show water solubility but new synergist, SY-11 exhibited good solubility in water and organic solvents such as DMSO and DMF. When aqueous pigment ink was prepared with SY-11, storage stability of the ink has been remained for 7 days under periodically repeated heating and cooling conditions. Particle size of formulated ink was around 150 nm.

Synthesis and Electroluminescence Properties of New Type Multi-Chromophore Emitting Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

New three emitting compounds, AK-1, AK-2 and AK-3 including diazocine moiety were synthesized through Suzuki-coupling reaction. Physical properties such as optical, electroluminescent properties were investigated. UV-visible spectrum of AK-1, AK-2 and AK-3 in film state showed maximum 392, 393 and 401 nm. PL spectrum of AK-1, AK-2 and AK-3 showed maximum emission wavelength of 472, 473 and 435 nm. Three compounds were used as EML in OLED device: ITO/2-TNATA (60 nm)/NPB (15 nm)/EML (35 nm)/Alq3 (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (200 nm). AK-3 OLED device showed C.I.E value of (0.18, 0.26) and luminance efficiency of 0.51 cd/A at 10 mA/cm2. New derivatives including diazocine moiety were introduced as OLED emitting material and the EL efficiency was increased by the proper combination of core and side group.